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Resilience engineering is a field of study that uses the insights from research on failures in complex systems treatment hyperthyroidism purchase epitol 100 mg visa, organizational contributors to risk, and human performance to develop engineering practices. Resilience engineering has emerged as a natural evolution from the principles of organizational reliability and a new understanding of the factors behind human error and performance. Researchers who studied failures in different industries found that when failures occurred against a background of usual success there were multiple contributors referred to as latent conditions. Recognizing these factors, researchers have identified the process that a drift toward failure? precedes major events as planned controls erode in the face of production pressures and change. This failure arises from systematic and predictable organizational factors at work, not simply 5-16 Department of Energy Human Performance Handbook Chapter 5 Human Performance Evolution erratic behaviors by individuals. Instead, they continue to invest in anticipating the changing potential for failure because of the deeply held understanding that their knowledge base is fragile in the face of the hazards inherent in their work and in the changes always present in their environment. Resilience engineering looks for ways to enhance the ability of organizations to create processes that are robust, yet flexible, to monitor and revise risk models and to use resources proactively in the face of disruptions or ongoing production and economic pressures. The initial steps in developing resilience engineering have focused on three critical components: 1. Resilience is concerned with the ability to recognize and adapt to and handle unanticipated disorders and disturbances that call into question the model of competence and demand a shift of processes, strategies, and coordination. Resilience is the successful adaptation to change necessary to cope with the real-world complexity. Success has been ascribed to the ability of groups, individuals, and organizations to anticipate the changing shape of risk before failures and harm take place; failure, on the other hand, is simply the temporary or permanent absence of that ability. From this viewpoint, failures do not stand for a breakdown or malfunctioning of normal system functions, but rather represent the inability to make necessary adaptations to cope with the 26 complexities. Safety is often expressed in terms of reliability, measured as the probability that a given function or component would fail under specific circumstances. It is not enough, however, that systems are reliable and that the probability of failure that could cause harm is below a certain value. They must also be resilient and have the ability to recover from irregular variations, disruptions and degradations of expected work conditions. The fundamental characteristic of a resilient organization is that it does not lose control of what it does, but is able to continue and rebound. In order to be in control, organizations must know what has happened (the past), what happens (the present) and what may happen (the future), as well as knowing what to do and having the required resources to do it. Common conditions that characterize how well organizations perform and when and how they lose control are lack of time, lack of knowledge, lack of competence, and lack of 27 resources. There are three qualities that a system must have to be able to remain in control in the face of an anomaly; and, therefore, to be resilient?anticipation, attention, and response. The whole 5-17 Department of Energy Human Performance Handbook Chapter 5 Human Performance Evolution point about resilience is that these qualities have to be exercised continuously. Also, it must constantly update its knowledge, competence, and resources by learning from successes and failures?both its own 28 and those of others. Dynamic developments Environment Anticipation Attention Response Knowing Knowing what to do Knowing what to expect what to look for (rational response) (anticipation) (attention) System Resources Knowledge Competence Time Requiredqualities of aresilient organization In addition to the qualities of anticipation, attention, and response, organizations must have the time to respond to disturbances and variations in its systems. Without time to respond before the incident, the response must come after the fact, and then is a reaction only to what happened. It must be aware of the impact of actions, as well as 29 the failure to take action. Performance Improvement In the Work Place Numerous industries in this country have embraced performance improvement. The medical industry, the airline industry, and nuclear power industry adopted the use of full scope simulators that authentically replicated operational situations. Simulators provided safe environments in which doctors, pilots, and control room operators alike could practice problem solving, decision-making, and performance of skills where they received feedback. For decades, simulator training has been a prerequisite for pilot and control room operator qualification and re-qualification. The training was an outgrowth of significant prior study conducted by the Institute to learn about human error, organizational accidents, and human performance. Striving for excellence in human performance at nuclear power stations is an 5-18 Department of Energy Human Performance Handbook Chapter 5 Human Performance Evolution ongoing industry effort to significantly reduce plant events caused by human error. Human error is caused by a variety of conditions related to individual behaviors, management and leadership practices, and organizational processes and values. Behaviors at all levels need alignment to improve individual performance, reduce errors, and prevent events. Alignment involves facilitating organizational processes and values to support desired behavior. The Excellence in 30 Human Performance document describes a set of behaviors that fosters this alignment. Earlier attempts by the nuclear power industry to improve human performance focused on results and the individual behavior at the worker level, a characteristic response to human error that prevailed in many organizations. However, organization and management influences on human behavior are equally important but are often overlooked or underestimated. Experience had revealed that most causes of human performance problems exist in the work environment, indicating weaknesses in organization and management. This does not relieve individuals of their responsibility to work safety and reliably. In Ermann and Lundman, Corporate and Governmental Deviance: Problems of th Organizational Behavior in Contemporary Society (5 ed), (1986), pp. Juran wrote Management of Inspection and Quality Control, 1945; Quality Control Handbook, 1951; and Managerial Breakthrough, 1964. Langer is the author of several books and numerous articles on the subject of mindfulness including Mindfulness, 1989, and the Power of Mindful Learning, 1997. Managing the Unexpected: Assuring High Performance in an Age of Complexity, 2001, Chapter 1. The expectation that an individual or an organization is answerable for results; to explain its actions, or be subject to the consequences Accountability judged appropriate by others; the degree to which individuals accept responsibility for the consequences of their actions, including the rewards or sanctions. Direction that informs people about what to do, when to do it, where to Administrative do it, and how well to do it, and which is usually documented in various Control written policies, programs, and plans. The extent to which the values, processes, management, and existing factors within an organization influence human performance in a Alignment complementary and non-contradictory way; facilitating organizational processes and values to support desired safe behavior. Anatomy of an A cause-and-effect illustration of the active and latent origins Event (linkages) of plant events initiated by human action. A condition taken for granted or accepted as true without verification of Assumption the facts. Anything that keeps operations or processes within safe limits or Barrier protects a system or person from a hazard. Behavior An organized structure for identifying potential environmental and Engineering Model individual factors that impact performance at the job site, and for analyzing the organizational contributors to those factors. Belief Acceptance of and conviction in the truth, existence, or validity of something, including assumptions about what will be successful. Change A methodical planning process to establish the direction of change, Management align people and resources, and implement the selected modifications throughout an organization, large or small. The process of facilitating changes in behavior of another person Coaching through direct interaction, feedback, collaboration, and positive relationships. Self-satisfaction accompanied by unawareness of actual dangers, Complacency hazards, or deficiencies; being unconcerned in a hazardous environment. Reaching conclusions by placing greater value on safety than the Conservative production goals of the organization?decisions demonstrate Decision-Making recognition and avoidance of activities that unnecessarily reduce safety margins. Administrative and engineering mechanisms that can affect the chemical, physical, metallurgical or nuclear process of a nuclear facility in such a manner as to effect the protection of the health and Controls safety of the public and workers, or the protection of the environment. Also, error-prevention techniques adopted to prevent error and to recover from or mitigate the effects of error; to make an activity or process go smoothly, properly, and according to high standards. A procedure step, series of steps, or action that, if performed Critical Step improperly, will cause irreversible harm to equipment, people, or the environment. Means or measures taken to prevent or catch human error, to protect people, plant, or property against the results of human error, and to mitigate the consequences of an error.

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Acute motor paralysis indistinguishable from poliomyelitis has been reported in association with enterovirus 70 treatment advocacy center purchase epitol line. Diagnosis and Prevention of Enterovirus and Coxsachieviruses Disease Both enterovirus 70 and coxsackievirus A24 are readily isolated from tears, but only infrequently from other sites. Cell culture from conjunctival swabs or scrapings is labor intensive and expen sive but permits typing of the isolate for clinical and epidemiologic research. The specimens should be transported to the laboratory under cooled conditions and, if virus cultures cannot be performed immediately, the specimens should be stored at? A microneutralization test is usually used on both acute and convalescent sera for the determination of antibodies to enteroviruses. Reuse of water for bathing and sharing of towels contribute to the spread of infection so simple hygienic measures should be reinforced. In contrast to infection caused by polioviruses, active immunization against the nonpolio enteroviruses is not practical because of the large number of serotypes. With air travel and tourism, the incidence and geographic distribution of dengue is increasing. Dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome are the most severe manifestation but are rare. The severity of dengue disease correlates with both the level and quality of the dengue virus-speci? Viremia is detectable 6 to 18 hours before the onset of symptoms, and ends as the fever resolves. The interval between the onset of the disease and the appearance of ocular symptoms varies from days to two weeks. The prognosis for vision is variable related to the degree of macular involvement. The ocular manifestations associated with dengue fever, as with the general disease, seem to be an immune-mediated process rather than a direct viral infection, with the time interval corresponding to the time of onset of antibody production, immune complex deposition, or production of autoantibodies. Presenting ocular symptoms include ocular pain, photophobia, conjunctival hyperemia, retrobulbar pain, and blurred vision. A characteristic multifocal chorioretinitis is seen in the majority of patients, together with nongranulomatous anterior uveitis and vitreous cellular in? Chorioretinal lesions are distributed most often in the retinal periphery in a random pattern or in linear arrays, following the course of the choroidal blood vessels, or, less frequently, in the posterior pole. The pathogenesis of chorioretinal lesions is unknown but may be analogous to the hematogenous dissemination to the choroidal circulation, and multifocal granulomatous chorioretinitis seen in presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome and idiopathic multifocal choroiditis. The majority of patients experience a self-limiting course without sequelae after several months. This viral infection may contribute to chronic autoim mune destruction of lacrimal and salivary glands; the presence of actual virus persistent in the glands is not clear (55). A possible pathogenetic association between Mooren ulcer, recurrent keratitis, and chronic hepatitis C infection has been proposed (56). Mooren ulcer is a chronic, progressive, painful, idiopathic ulceration of the peripheral corneal stroma and epithelium. Although the etiology of this peripheral ulcerative keratitis is unknown, evidence is mounting that autoimmunity plays a key role and the peripheral cornea has distinct morphologic and immunologic characteristics that predispose it to in? Rubella (German measles) is usually a benign febrile exanthem, but when it occurs in pregnant women it can produce major congenital malformations. Before the introduction of a rubella vaccine in 1969, epidemics occurred in the United States at six to nine-year intervals, predominantly in children. Rubella has now almost disappeared in the United States, although outbreaks have occurred, primarily in young adults. Rubella is moderately contagious and most likely transmitted by aerosolized particles from the respiratory secretions. Once the virus invades the bloodstream, it may spread to the skin and distal organs or, transplacentally, to the developing fetus. Rubella Virus Ocular Disease Ocular manifestations of acquired rubella infection include a mild follicular conjunctivitis, an epithelial keratitis, and a retinitis. Rubella retinitis presents with acute onset of decreased vision and multifocal chorioretinitis, large areas of bullous neurosensory detachment, underlying pig ment epithelial detachment involving the entire posterior pole, anterior chamber and preretinal vitreous cells, and dark gray atrophic lesions of the retinal pigment epithelium. Most recently, chronic rubella virus infection has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis, as evidenced by the presence of rubella-speci? Up to 25% of women of childbearing age lack rubella antibodies and are sus ceptible to primary infection. Rubella is the prototypical teratogenic viral agent as the fetus is infected with the rubella virus transplacentally, secondary to maternal viremia during the course of primary infection. Retinopathy occurs in about half of infants with symptomatic infection and is usually unilat eral. Cataracts occur in up to a third of infants with retinopathy; they are bilateral in about 50% of affected infants and are associated with microphthalmia (small eye) in about 60%. Glaucoma as well as abnormalities of the cornea and lens can also have late onset. Retinal neovascularization secondary to congenital retinal vascular atrophy can result in visual disturbances. The rubella virus can persist in the fetus and newborn and can be excreted for months to years after birth; the virus can be isolated from the lens contents at the time of cataract surgery. Serologic criteria for rubella infection include a fourfold increase in rubella-speci? Because the fetus is capable of mounting an immune response to rubella virus, speci? Elevated IgM antibodies may return to nondiagnostic levels by three to six months, and persistence of IgG antibodies beyond this period may also help diagnose neonatal infection. Unlike in acquired infection, rubella virus can be isolated for up to a year or more from the nasopharynx, buffy coat of the blood, cerebrospinal? Rubella immunization programs in the United States include two strategies, universal immunization of all infants and targeted vaccination of susceptible prepubertal girls and women of childbearing age. Chikungunya fever is a re-emerging viral disease with a recent epidemic in India after a period of quiescence (61). Chikungunya fever is characterized by abrupt onset of fever, headache, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, muscle pain, rash, and severe arthralgia lasting for one to seven days. The systemic manifestation may be related to viremia, and the joint involvement may be immune mediated from the viral antigen and antibody reactions. The disease is usually self-limiting and rarely fatal although can be debilitating. Chikungunya Virus Ocular Disease Iiridocyclitis and retinitis are the most common ocular manifestations associated with chikun gunya fever, with a typically benign clinical course (62). The optic neuritis may be retrobulbar, retrochiasm, or involve the optic nerve head (papillitis) or nerve? Diagnosis and Prevention of Chikungunya Virus Disease Chikungunya is clinically dif? In North America, certain wild animals are major reservoirs of infection, since most domesticated animals have been vaccinated. The virus can enter through skin or mucous membranes and there is a 9 to 90 day incubation period before the virus enters the myoneuronal junction with access to the peripheral nervous system and then the central nervous system. Symptoms include pain and itching around the wound site and later headache, fever, vomiting, and loss of appetite. An anxious or agitated state becomes manifest with spasmodic contractions while attempting to swallow. Corneal biopsy and impression cytology have been useful in assisting in the early diagnosis of rabies (65). If suspected, the animal should be euthanized and the brain analyzed for rabies virus or Negri bodies (cytoplasmic inclusion bodies). A 5-year evaluation of the adenoclone test for the rapid diagnosis of adenovirus from conjunctival swabs. Rapid diagnosis of adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis by a fully automated molecular assay. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of viral and chlamydial keratoconjunctivitis. Prevention and control of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis in a teaching eye institute. Herpes simplex virus keratitis among patients who are positive or negative for human immunode? Evaluation of herpes simplex detection in corneal scrapings by three molecular methods.

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Subtypes There are no well-researched subtypes for Internet gaming disorder to date medicine 8162 cheap epitol online master card. Internet gam? ing disorder most often involves specific Internet games, but it could involve non-Intemet computerized games as well, although these have been less researched. It is likely that pre? ferred games will vary over time as new games are developed and popularized, and it is unclear if behaviors and consequence associated with Internet gaming disorder vary by game type. However, there are other behavioral disorders that show some similarities to substance use disorders and gambling disorder for which the word addiction is commonly used in nonmedical settings, and the one condition with a considerable literature is the compulsive playing of Internet games. Internet gaming has been reportedly defined as an "addiction" by the Chinese govern? ment, and a treatment system has been set up. Reports of treatment of this condition have appeared in medical journals, mostly from Asian countries and some in the United States. The literature suffers, however, from lack of a standard definition from which to derive prev? alence data. An understanding of the natural histories of cases, with or without treatment, is also missing. The literature does describe many underlying similarities to substance ad? dictions, including aspects of tolerance, withdrawal, repeated unsuccessful attempts to cut back or quit, and impairment in normal functioning. Internet gaming disorder has significant public health importance, and additional re? search may eventually lead to evidence that Internet gaming disorder (also commonly re? ferred to as Internet use disorder, Internet addiction, or gaming addiction) has merit as an independent disorder. As with gambling disorder, there should be epidemiological stud? ies to determine prevalence, clinical course, possible genetic influence, and potential bio? logical factors based on, for example, brain imaging data. Internet gaming disorder is a pattern of excessive and prolonged Internet gaming that re? sults in a cluster of cognitive and behavioral symptoms, including progressive loss of control over gaming, tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms, analogous to the symptoms of sub? stance use disorders. As with substance-related disorders, individuals with Internet gaming disorder continue to sit at a computer and engage in gaming activities despite neglect of other activities. They typically devote 8-10 hours or more per day to this activity and at least 30 hours per week. If they are prevented from using a computer and returning to the game, they become agitated and angry. Nor mal obligations, such as school or work, or family obligations are neglected. This condition is separate from gambling disorder involving the Internet because money is not at risk. The essential feature of Internet gaming disorder is persistent and recurrent participa? tion in computer gaming, typically group games, for many hours. These games involve competition between groups of players (often in different global regions, so that duration of play is encouraged by the time-zone independence) participating in complex structured activities that include a significant aspect of social interactions during play. Attempts to direct the individual toward schoolwork or in? terpersonal activities are strongly resisted. When individuals are asked, the major reasons given for using the com? puter are more likely to be "avoiding boredom" rather than commimicating or searching for information. The description of criteria related to this condition is adapted from a study in China. Un? til the optimal criteria and threshold for diagnosis are determined empirically, conserva? tive definitions ought to be used, such that diagnoses are considered for endorsement of five or more of nine criteria. Associated Features Supporting Diagnosis No consistent personality types associated with Internet gaming disorder have been iden? tified. Individuals with compulsive Internet gaming have demonstrated brain activation in spe? cific regions triggered by exposure to the Internet game but not limited to reward system structures Prevalence the prevalence of Internet gaming disorder is unclear because of the varying question? naires, criteria and thresholds employed, but it seems to be highest in Asian countries and in male adolescents 12-20 years of age. There is an abundance of reports from Asian coun? tries, especially China and South Korea, but fewer from Europe and North America, from which prevalence estimates are highly variable. The point prevalence in adolescents (ages 15-19 years) in one Asian study using a threshold of five criteria was 8. Computer availability with Internet connection allows access to the types of games with which Internet gaming disorder is most often associated. Adolescent males seem to be at greatest risk of developing Internet gaming disorder, and it has been speculated that Asian environmental and/or ge? netic background is another risk factor, but this remains unclear. Functional Consequences of Internet Gaming Disorder Internet gaming disorder may lead to school failure, job loss, or marriage failure. The com? pulsive gaming behavior tends to crowd out normal social, scholastic, and family activities. D ifferential Diagnosis Excessive use of the Internet not involving playing of online games. Excessive gambling online may qualify for a separate diagnosis of gambling disorder. Neurobehavioral Disorder Associated With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure Proposed Criteria A. More than minimal exposure to alcohol during gestation, including prior to pregnancy recognition. Confirmation of gestational exposure to alcohol may be obtained from ma? ternal self-report of alcohol use in pregnancy, medical or other records, or clinical ob? servation. Impaired neurocognitive functioning as manifested by one or more of the following: 1. Impairment in adaptive functioning as manifested by two or more of the following, one of which must be (1) or (2): 1. The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, aca? demic, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. The disorder is not better explained by the direct physiological effects associated with postnatal use of a substance. A clinical diagnosis of fetal alcohol syndrome, including specific prenatal alcohol related facial dysmorphology and growth retardation, can be used as evidence of signifi? cant levels of prenatal alcohol exposure. Although both animal and human studies have documented adverse effects of lower levels of drinking, identifying how much prenatal exposure is needed to significantly impact neurodevelopmental outcome remains chal? lenging. Light drinking is defined as 1-13 drinks per month during preg? nancy with no more than 2 of these drinks consumed on any 1 drinking occasion. Identifying a minimal threshold of drinking during pregnancy will require consideration of a variety of factors known to affect exposure and/or interact to influence developmental outcomes, including stage of prenatal development, gestational smoking, maternal and fetal genet? ics, and maternal physical status. Impairments in self-regulation are pres? ent and may include impairment in mood or behavioral regulation, attention deficit, or impairment in impulse control. Finally, impairments in adaptive functioning include com? munication deficits and impairment in social communication and interaction. Impairment in daily living (self-help) skills and impairment in motor skills may be present. As it may be difficult to obtain an accurate assessment of the neurocognitive abilities of very young chil? dren, it is appropriate to defer a diagnosis for children 3 years of age and younger. An individual can be diagnosed with this disorder regardless of socio? economic or cultural background. However, ongoing parental alcohol/substance misuse, parental mental illness, exposure to domestic or community violence, neglect or abuse, disrupted caregiving relationships, multiple out-of-home placements, and lack of conti? nuity in medical or mental health care are often present. However, estimated prevalence rates of clini? cal conditions associated with prenatal alcohol exposure are 2%-5% in the United States. When children reach school age, learning difficulties, impairment in executive function, and problems with integrative lan? guage functions usually emerge more clearly, and both social skills deficits and challeng? ing behavior may become more evident. In particular, as school and other requirements become more complex, greater deficits are noted. Suicide Risic Suicide is a high-risk outcome, with rates increasing significantly in late adolescence and early adulthood. Individuals affected by prenatal alcohol exposure have a higher prevalence of disrupted school expe? riences, poor employment records, trouble with the law, confinement (legal or psychiat? ric), and dependent living conditions. D ifferential Diagnosis Disorders that are attributable to the physiological effects associated with postnatal use of a substance, another medical condition, or environmental neglect. Other consid? erations include the physiological effects of postnatal substance use, such as a medication, alcohol, or other substances; disorders due to another medical condition, such as traumatic brain injury or other neurocognitive disorders. Down syndrome, or Cornelia de Lange syndrome and other teratogenic conditions such as fetal hydantoin syndrome and maternal phenylketonuria may have similar physical and behavioral characteristics. A careful review of prenatal exposure history is needed to clar? ify the teratogenic agent, and an evaluation by a clinical geneticist may be needed to dis? tinguish physical characteristics associated with these and other genetic conditions. Comorbidity Mental health problems have been identified in more than 90% of individuals with histo? ries of significant prenatal alcohol exposure. Other high probability co-occurring disorders include oppo? sitional defiant disorder and conduct disorder, but the appropriateness of these diagnoses should be weighed in the context of the significant impairments in general intellectual and executive functioning that are often associated with prenatal alcohol exposure. Mood symptoms, including symptoms of bipolar disorder and depressive disorders, have been described.

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Relative Images are thresholded at a given value and only voxels at which all images exceed the threshold are included medicine zantac discount epitol 100 mg online. This option allows you to specify the value of the threshold as a proportion of the global value. For image data-types without a representation of NaN, zero is the mask value, and the user can choose whether zero voxels should be masked out or not. All voxels with value NaN (for image data-types with a representation of NaN), or zero (for other data types) are excluded from the analysis. Nearest neighbour interpolation of a mask image is used if the voxel centers of the input images do not coincide with that of the mask image. Voxels with values less than 1/8 of this value are then deemed extra-cranial and get masked out. For qualitative data, this puts the data into an intuitively accessible scale without altering the statistics. Yes Scaling of the overall grand mean simply scales all the data by a common factor such that the mean of all the global values is the value speci? Basically, since proportional scaling also scales the variance term, it is appropriate for situations where the global measurement predominantly re? Where variance is constant across the range of global values, linear modelling in an AnCova approach has more? Bayesian source re construction provides a principled way of incorporating prior beliefs about how the data were generated, and enables principled methods for model comparison. We have a formal collaboration with the excellent FieldTrip package (head developer: Robert Oostenveld, F. We will also be happy to include in this toolbox new tools contributed by other users as long as they are of general interest and applicability. The aims of those changes were to rationalise the internal data structures and object methods to remove some historical? design mistakes and inconsistencies. This should make it easy to build processing pipelines for performing complete complicated data analyses without programming. The use of batch has many advantages but can also complicate some of the operations because a batch must be con? For instance, the batch tool cannot know the channel names for a particular dataset and thus cannot generate a dialog box for the user to choose the channels. To facilitate the processing steps requiring this kind of information additional functionalities have been added to the Prepare? tool under Batch inputs? menu. A further detailed description of the conversion, preprocessing functions, and the display is given in chapter 12. The 3D source reconstruction routines, including dipole modelling, are described in chapter 14. Finally, in chapter 16, we describe the graphical user interface for dynamical causal modelling, for evoked responses, induced responses, and local? These functions can be called either from the Matlab command line and scripts, or via the batch input system. Once the user becomes familiar with the batch tools necessary for their analysis it is very easy to chain them using batch dependencies and run them as one pipeline. For scripts we follow the concept of providing only one input argument to each function. This input argument is usually a structure (struct) that contains all input arguments as? The interface for calling these functions from a script is described in function headers. In this case an error message will be displayed with a link where the appropriate toolbox can be downloaded. The latter option was introduced to enable a simple and convenient conversion of the data with no questions asked. The other option yes? opens the batch tool for conversion In either case you will need to select the? In some rare cases automatic recognition is not possible or there are several possible low-level readers available for the same format. This is useful when the trials of interest are only a small subset of the whole recording. Note that channel selection branch is available in many batch tools and its functionality is the same everywhere. Note that here any name can be given whereas in other preprocessing tools the user can only de? This option makes it possible to also include events occurring earlier and later within the speci? Only a few question will be asked to determine the dimensions of the data and the time axis. Using the object can make your code simpler as many operations requiring multiple commands when working with the struct directly are already implemented in @meeg methods. Messages from the automatic consistency checks will sometimes appear during conversion or other processing steps. In some cases it can also supplement the converted dataset with information not directly present in the raw data. Also the channel labels do not always correctly describe the actual electrode locations in an experiment. Reading and linking this additional information with the data was the original purpose of the Prepare interface. It will scan the workspace for any numeric arrays and list them for the user to choose the right one. It will then ask to choose the number of channels and trials to correctly identufy the dimensions of the data and also to specify the time axis by providing the sampling rate and time of the? The Batch inputs? submenu contains tools to interactively specify and save some pieces of information that can be then used as inputs to di? A list of all channels in the dataset is shown and the user can select a subset of them and save in a mat-? Channel set selection is necessary in many batch tools and choosing a pre-saved list is a convenient way of doing it. A list will then pop up, and present the found triggers with their type and value entries. These can sometimes look strange, but if you want to run a batch or script to do the epoching, you have to? Fortunately, these tend to be the same over scanning sessions, so that you can batch multi-subject epoching using the types and values found in one subject. Finally, you can specify a shift for each condition so that the zero time of the trial will be shifted with respect to the trigger. The old labels are on top, that means, each row contains weights for how the old channels must be weighted to produce new channels in the montage. For example, if you want to remove channels from the data, just delete the corresponding row from the montage matrix. To re-reference to a particular channel the column for this channel should be -1 for all rows, except the row corresponding to itself which should be 0, whereas the other channels should have 1 in the intersection of their column and row (the diagonal of the matrix) and 0 elsewhere. After changing the weights of the matrix, you can visualise the montage by pressing the button in the lower right below the? Subsequently every time the order of the conditions is important, the order thereby speci? To set a particular channel group to some channel type, select this type from the menu. The Sensors? submenu can be used to supply information about the sensor positions to the? Even if you do not measure electrode positions routinely in your lab, we recommend to perform at least one initial measurement with the electrode cap you use and use the result as your standard template. In general to link between two coordinate systems you will need a set of at least 3 points whose coordinates are known in both systems.

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However treatment h pylori order epitol 100 mg with amex, precursors such as language delays or deficits, difficulties in rhyming or counting, or difficulties with fine motor skills required for writing commonly occur in early childhood before the start of formal schooling. Nonetheless, problems with reading flu? ency and comprehension, spelling, written expression, and numeracy skills in everyday life typically persist into adulthood. Changes in manifestation of symptoms occur with age, so that an individual may have a persistent or shifting array of learning difficulties across the lifespan. Examples of symptoms that may be observed among preschool-age children include a lack of interest in playing games with language sounds. Preschool children with specific learning disorder may frequently use baby talk, mispronounce words, and have trouble remembering names of let? ters, numbers, or days of the week. They may fail to recognize letters in their own names and have trouble learning to count. Kindergarten-age children with specific learning disorder may be unable to recognize and write letters, may be unable to write their own names, or may use invented spelling. Kindergarten-age children also may have trouble cormecting letters with their sounds. Specific learning disorder in elementary school-age children typically manifests as marked difficulty learning letter-sound correspondence (particularly in English-speaking children), fluent word decoding, spelling, or math facts; reading aloud is slow, inaccurate, and effortful, and some children struggle to understand the magnitude that a spoken or written number represents. Children in primary grades (grades 1-3) may continue to have problems recognizing and manipulating phonemes, be unable to read common one-sylla? ble words (such as mat or top), and be unable recognize common irregularly spelled words. They may commit reading errors that indicate problems in con? necting sounds and letters. Children in grades 1-3 also may have difficulty remembering number facts or arithmetic procedures for adding, subtracting, and so forth, and may complain that read? ing or arithmetic is hard and avoid doing it. Children with specific learning disorder in the middle grades (grades 4-6) may mispronounce or skip parts of long, multisyllable words. They may have trouble remembering dates, names, and telephone numbers and may have trouble completing homework or tests on time. Children in the middle grades also may have poor comprehension with or without slow, effortful, and inaccurate reading, and they may have trouble reading small function words. By contrast, adolescents may have mastered word decoding, but reading remains slow and effortful, and they are likely to show marked problems in reading comprehension and written expression (including poor spelling) and poor mastery of math facts or mathemat? ical problem solving. During adolescence and into adulthood, individuals with specific learning disorder may continue to make numerous spelling mistakes and read single words and connected text slowly and with much effort, with trouble pronouncing multi? syllable words. They may frequently need to reread material to understand or get the main point and have trouble making inferences from written text. Adolescents and adults may avoid activities that demand reading or arithmetic (reading for pleasure, reading instruc? tions). Adults with specific learning disorder have ongoing spelling problems, slow and effortful reading, or problems making important inferences from numerical information in work-related written documents. They may avoid both leisure and work-related activ? ities that demand reading or writing or use alternative approaches to access print. An alternative clinical expression is that of circumscribed learning difficulties that per? sist across the lifespan, such as an inability to master the basic sense of number. Avoidance of or reluctance to engage in activi? ties requiring academic skills is common in children, adolescents, and adults. Episodes of severe anxiety or anxiety disorders, including somatic complaints or panic attacks, are common across the lifespan and accompany both the circumscribed and the broader ex? pression of learning difficulties. Prematurity or very low birth weight increases the risk for specific learning disorder, as does prenatal exposure to nicotine. Specific learning disorder appears to aggregate in families, particularly when affecting reading, mathematics, and spelling. The relative risk of spe? cific learning disorder in reading or mathematics is substantially higher. Family history of reading diffi? culties (dyslexia) and parental literacy skills predict literacy problems or specific learning disorder in offspring, indicating the combined role of genetic and environmental factors. There is high heritability for both reading ability and reading disability in alphabetic and nonalphabetic languages, including high heritability for most manifestations of learning abil? ities and disabilities. Covariation between various manifestations of learning difficulties is high, suggesting that genes related to one presentation are highly correlated with genes related to another manifestation. Marked problems with inattentive behavior in preschool years is pre? dictive of later difficulties in reading and mathematics (but not necessarily specific learn? ing disorder) and nonresponse to effective academic interventions. Systematic, intensive, individualized instruction, using evidence-based interven? tions, may improve or ameliorate the learning difficulties in some individuals or promote the use of compensatory strategies in others, thereby mitigating the otherwise poor out? comes. Culture-Related Diagnostic issues Specific learning disorder occurs across languages, cultures, races, and socioeconomic conditions but may vary in its manifestation according to the nature of the spoken and written symbol systems and cultural and educational practices. For example, the cognitive processing requirements of reading and of working with numbers vary greatly across or? thographies. In the English language, the observable hallmark clinical symptom of diffi? culties learning to read is inaccurate and slow reading of single words; in other alphabetic languages that have more direct mapping between sounds and letters. In English-language learners, assessment should include con? sideration of whether the source of reading difficulties is a limited proficiency with Eng? lish or a specific learning disorder. Risk factors for specific learning disorder in English language learners include a family history of specific learning disorder or language delay in the native language, as well as learning difficulties in English and failure to catch up with peers. Also, assessment should consider the linguistic and cultural context in which the individual is living, as well as his or her educational and learning history in the original culture and language. Gender-Related Diagnostic issues Specific learning disorder is more common in males than in females (ratios range from about 2:1 to 3:1) and cannot be attributed to factors such as ascertainment bias, definitional or measurement variation, language, race, or socioeconomic status. Functionai Consequences of Specific Learning Disorder Specific learning disorder can have negative functional consequences across the lifespan, including lower academic attainment, higher rates of high school dropout, lower rates of postsecondary education, high levels of psychological distress and poorer overall mental health, higher rates of unemployment and under-employment, and lower incomes. School dropout and co-occurring depressive symptoms increase the risk for poor mental health outcomes, including suicidality, whereas high levels of social or emotional support predict better mental health outcomes. Specific learning disorder is distinguished from normal variations in academic attainment due to external factors. Specific learning disorder differs from general learning difficulties associated with intellectual disability, because the learning difficulties occur in the presence of normal levels of intellectual functioning. If intellectual disability is present, specific learning disorder can be diagnosed only when the learning difficulties are in excess of those usually associated with the intellectual disability. Specific learning dis? order is distinguished from learning difficulties due to neurological or sensory disorders. Specific learning disorder is distinguished from learning problems associated with neurodegenerative cognitive disorders, because in specific learning disorder the clinical expression of specific learning difficulties occurs during the developmental period, and the difficulties do not manifest as a marked decline from a for? mer state. Specific learning disorder is distinguished from the academic and cognitive-processing difficulties associated with schizophrenia or psychosis, because with these disorders there is a decline (often rapid) in these functional domains. Comorbidity Specific learning disorder commonly co-occurs with neurodevelopmental. These comorbidities do not necessarily exclude the diagnosis specific learning disorder but may make testing and differential diagnosis more difficult, because each of the co? occurring disorders independently interferes with the execution of activities of daily liv? ing, including learning. Thus, clinical judgment is required to attribute such impairment to learning difficulties. If there is an indication that another diagnosis could account for the difficulties learning keystone academic skills described in Criterion A, specific learning disorder should not be diagnosed. The motor skills deficit in Criterion A significantly and persistently interferes with activ? ities of daily living appropriate to chronological age. The motor skills deficits are not better explained by intellectual disability (Intellectual devel? opmental disorder) or visual impairment and are not attributable to a neurological condi? tion affecting movement. Diagnostic Features the diagnosis of developmental coordinahon disorder is made by a clinical synthesis of the history (developmental and medical), physical examination, school or workplace report, and individual assessment using psychometrically sound and culturally appropriate standardized tests. The manifestation of impaired skills requiring motor coordination (Criterion A) varies with age. They also may be delayed in de? veloping skills such as negotiating stairs, pedaling, buttoning shirts, completing puzzles, and using zippers. Even when the skill is achieved, movement execution may appear awkward, slow, or less precise than that of peers. Older children and adults may display slow speed or in? accuracy with motor aspects of activities such as assembling puzzles, building models, playing ball games (especially in teams), handwriting, typing, driving, or carrying out self-care sldlls. Developmental coordination disorder is diagnosed only if the impairment in motor skills significantly interferes with the performance of, or participation in, daily activities in family, social, school, or community life (Criterion B).

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The coloration shown on maps is useless and information printed in red become unreadable symptoms 3 weeks pregnant 100mg epitol for sale. White Lights the latest type of lighting being used in aircraft is low density white light. The advantage of this system is that a more normal instrument picture is presented to the pilot. Readability of instruments is excellent; however, the dark adaptation is somewhat impaired. Regular white light, such as a flashlight, will destroy night adaptation and should be used sparingly. The low density white light can be regulated so that 13-3 instruments are easily read and the tendency towards disorientation is eliminated. There can be no doubt as to their effectiveness; however, when flying near or through thunderstorms it is recommended that the anticollision light be turned off if it interferes with the pilots orientation. To make continued reading of instruments possible under such conditions, a higher than normal instrument lighting intensity is required. Since the eyes are an extension of the brain, any decrease in the amount of O2 being delivered to the brain is quickly felt by the eye. With increased altitude the extra ocular muscles become weakened and uncoordinated and the range of accommodation is decreased, causing blurred vision and difficulty in carrying out near visual tasks. This impairment can be detected at altitudes as low as 5,000 feet at nighttime and generally around 10,000 feet during the day. However, due to stress, poor nutrition, and improper exercise, the average life span for an American is 72 years. Of course, if you do all the right things, there is no guarantee that you will live for one and one-fifth of a century, but, it should help to ensure a long, prosperous, and vigorous career. Since pilots must maintain a current Medical Certificate, you may feel that is your "O. Always tell your doctor your intention of starting an exercise program and get advice on what the doctor thinks would be the best approach. The objective is to raise the heart and breathing rate over a relatively long period of time. If you use any type of equipment in your exercise program, ensure you know how to use the equipment properly. If your program involves swimming, always have a partner or a lifeguard present in case there is trouble. If you cut your sleep time, you can never fully recover from the fatigue and stress of the program. If time is short, you will need to find an exercise that gives maximum output in a short period of time (again, within the confines of your own limitations). Nordic, or cross-country skiing seems to be the exercise that most exercise physiologist agree on. With Nordic-type exercisers, this can be done within your own home, and at your own time and rate. This category is really dependent on additional equipment, but, keep in mind that many of these exercises do not need gyms, fitness centers, or equipment. You simply associate a machine with the muscle group (arms, legs, chest, and back) to be exercised. If you exercise to the point where you can no longer perform the exercise, simply allow the weight to come down, and then you can rest and continue the exercise or call it quits. The biggest disadvantage with machines is their effectiveness to stress the muscle group properly. Because the machine is balancing and controlling the weight for you, this will also take some of the stress off the muscle group. Unlike machines, free weights require not only that you lift the weight, but balance and control it as well. Because of this difference, not only will it stress the target muscle group, it will also stress the muscles that surround and support that particular group. Another disadvantage of free-weights compared to machines, is that you should never lift alone. If your muscles fatigue to the point of failure, the weight can come down abruptly and cause harm to your body and ego. For this reason, a gym or fitness center will be the best environment in which to conduct this type of exercise program. A circuit weight lifting program (where machines are set up so that all muscle groups are exercised as you use each of the various machines), coupled with a good aerobic exercise is most effective. Keep in mind that, if you are an aerobatics pilot, research has shown that by engaging in a rigorous weight lifting program, that you will be more resistant to the Gz forces encountered during maneuvers. Although an aerobic exercise will make you less resistant to Gz forces, most ordinary pilots would benefit more from a good aerobic program with an occasional anaerobic session. It depends on your current fitness level and the your ability to recover from the fatigue brought about by the exercise. The best way to judge it is to see how you feel the following morning after the exercise session. If you find that you are very fatigued in the mornings, you must do one of three things: 1. As an average, exercising 3 days a week with at least 24 hours between session will probably work out to be a "happy medium" for most pilots. Hypoxia, decompression sickness, and trapped gases are potential companions on all flights. Through education and training, a pilot can learn to recognize and prevent these problems. After an emergency landing or ditching, a pilot is faced with the problem of surviving until rescue arrives. However, there are many obstacles to a positive mental attitude while trying to survive. A knowledge of what you will be facing in a survival episode may help you to gain a better understanding of what exactly may be causing this fear. If you treat the injury, and the pain persists, keep your mind busy and off the pain. Infections can cause fever making it very hard to think and mentally respond to survival obstacles. The human body can withstand extreme temperature variations externally, but not internally. As body temperature rises or falls, it will first affect the mind and eventually, deteriorates a positive mental attitude. This deprives the brain of precious oxygen and makes your ability to think clearly very difficult. The hunger pains you experience come from the brain, and therefore, can be mentally controlled. Probably the most important psychological factor of survival is the will to survive. The love of life, or maybe the fear of death, can make a person overcome a no-win situation and survive. However, due to the "creature comforts" of life, and being part of a push-button society, a will to survive can be weakened. One of the best ways to do this is to pack a personal survival kit and carry it with you on every flight. By doing this, you have just admitted to yourself that you can possibly, at some time, find yourself in a survival episode. By admitting this fact, you are beginning to face your fear concerning survival after an emergency landing. Try not to dress for the cockpit environment, but for, the potential survival environment. Other shelter to consider would be something to further insulate the clothing you already have. An 8 bushel trash bag works very well to insulate your clothing from the wind and wet. It will give you a source of light, heat, protection, and signaling, and will sanitize food and water. But none are as easy and effective as just simple matches; take precautions to keep them water proof. Considered to be the best all-around signaling device, mirror flashes have been spotted over 20 miles away.

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Central Nervous Tissue (Brain medicine cabinets with mirrors buy epitol 100mg without a prescription, Meninges) Central nervous system viral infections, viral neurotropism, and differential diagnosis have been discussed (55,59). Alphaviruses are enveloped 60 to 70-nm particles and bud from the cytoplasmic membrane;? Bunyaviruses are 90 to 100-nm enveloped particles; they bud into smooth vesicles associated with the Golgi apparatus. Collections of surface antigen(s) can be seen associated with the endoplasmic reticulum. Bars in (A), (B), and (C) represent 1 m; those in (a), (a), (a), (B) inset, and (C) inset represent 100 nm. Virions bud into cytoplasmic vesicles (v); tubular inclusions (t) are present in the cytoplasm, and parts of two nuclei (n) from this syncytial cell are visible at the left. Intestine, Stomach, and Esophagus Most gastroenteritis viruses (25,60) are shed in numbers suf? Enteroviruses multiply in the intestinal tract, and may or may not be associated with diarrhea. Skin Viral skin lesions may be a result of cutaneous infection or a secondary reaction to virus infection elsewhere in the body (61). Viruses that cause vesicular rashes can frequently be demonstrated in the blister? Further, the papilloma viral genome can exist in cells without producing complete virions so that it may be hard to detect morphologically. Kidney Viruses found in the urinary tract can frequently be detected by negative staining of urine, a noninvasive procedure. Other rare samples include lymph node, salivary gland, pericardial tissue, cells pelleted from pericardial? Immature (i) oval particles are forming in the cytoplasm along with dense brick shaped mature (m) virions. The bars in (A) and (B) represent 1 m; those in (a), (a), (b), (b), and (b) represent 100 nm. Mycoplasmas and other bacteria can also contami nate tissue cultures and hinder viral diagnosis. Some cell-associated viruses, mycoplasmas, and other bacteria are best demonstrated by thin sectioning. For viral examination by negative staining, cells in media can be frozen in an acetone/dry ice bath or liquid nitrogen and thawed in a 37? If the culture appears cloudy, it may be a sign that bacterial contamination has occurred or that cells have become detached from the substrate. If the pellet sticks together well, it can be cut into millimeter-sized pieces and processed gently as tissue. If not, it can be embedded in 1% molten but cooled agar to keep it together (5,17). For agar embedment, the pellet should be scraped out of the tube, or if the tube is small and plastic, the end can be cut off with a razor blade. Cellular debris and mitochondrial fragments can masquer ade as enveloped viruses with spikes. In thin sections, clathrin-coated vesicles, synaptic vesicles, dense core granules, and caveo lae can resemble enveloped viruses. Nuclear granules, ribosomes, and glycogen can be mistaken for small icosahedral viruses. Nuclear pores, clumped chromatin, and mitochondrial granules can resemble large icosahedral viruses. Once it has been determined that an unusual structure is probably not a normal cellular component, a viral atlas can be consulted. Negative stains cannot be assumed to kill viruses; aldehydes do not inactivate prions. The down sides are that high viral density in liquids is required and that only small tissues areas can be examined by thin sec tioning; however, techniques have been described for enhancing chances for virus detection. Improved detection of viruses by electron microscopy after direct ultracentrifuge preparation of specimens. Agar diffusion method for negative staining of microbial suspensions in salt solutions. Rapid detection of viruses in biopsy or autopsy specimens by the pseudoreplica method of electron microscopy. Two-hour embedding procedure for intracellular detection of viruses by electron microscopy. Electron Microscopy and Immune Electron Microscopy for Detection of Gastroenteritis Viruses. Importance of enteric adenoviruses 40 and 41 in acute gastroen teritis in infants and young children. The electron microscopical and physical characteristics of small round human fecal viruses: An interim scheme for classi? Enteric viruses of humans and animals in aquatic environments: health risks, detection, and potential water quality assessment tools. Hepatitis A: Detection by immune electron microscopy of a viruslike antigen associated with acute illness. Evidence for a virus in non-A, non-B hepatitis transmitted via the fecal-oral route. Oral ribavirin for severe adenovirus infection after allogeneic marrow transplantation. Polyomavirus-associated nephropathy in renal trans plantation: Interdisciplinary analyses and recommendations. Bioterrorism and electron microscopic differentiation of poxviruses from herpesviruses: dos and don?ts. Virus-like particles in serum of patients with Australia-antigen associated hepatitis. Trichodysplasia spinulosa?A newly described folliculocentric viral infection in an immunocompromised host. Microwave and digital imaging technology reduce turnaround times for diagnostic electron microscopy. Application of transmission electron microscopy to the clinical study of viral and bacterial infections: Present and future. Isolation and partial characterisation of a new virus causing acute haemorrhagic fever in Zaire. A strong laboratory infrastructure to perform diagnostic testing is necessary to make and con-? This practice frequently leads to misdiagnosis with failure to treat alternative diagnoses, causing worse outcomes and increased mortality (1?5). In particular, syndromes with a viral etiology are rarely diagnosed because in the absence of laboratory con? For this reason, building laboratory capacity in resource-limited regions has become a focal point in the? Despite numerous challenges in resource-limited settings, innovative, low-complexity, culture-independent methods exist to diagnose viral infections such as antigen-based point of-care testing. The advantages of rapid tests are that most do not require refrigeration or the use of complex machinery, they are easy to perform, they potentially offer a cost-effective option, and many have shelf lives of up to one year or more. Of course, many considerations are warranted in determining whether or not a speci? This chapter discusses the indications for virological testing for common clinical settings and provides speci? Patients with an indeterminate result should have testing repeated two weeks after the initial testing, and if results remain inde terminate, repeat testing should be performed again at four weeks, three months, six months, and one year as appropriate. However, with improvement of technologies and decrease in test costs, viral load testing may become increasingly available in the future as it remains the cornerstone of monitoring antiretroviral treatment. For infant testing, clinical data are used in conjunction with laboratory testing. Dried whole blood spots may be used if testing cannot be performed by the local laboratory.

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Shields and Heinecken argue that women in society have been conditioned to see the female body? in the same way the men see it and constantly feel as though they are being looked at (Shields 74) symptoms 6 year molars generic 100 mg epitol amex. Now, the male gaze influences, both directly and indirectly, the complex relationships between women and their bodies through a number of mediums. One study about adolescent body satisfaction and dissatisfaction asserts: Although the media and social culture may encourage a certain body preference for females that virtually all adolescent girls are exposed to on some level, it is the more immediate culture of family and friends that either support the thin ideal body preference [or] encourage body dissatisfaction? (Kelly 395). This leads me to conclude that online social networking, which is essentially the combination of immediate family and friends and the media can only magnify the problems of body dissatisfaction. The purpose of this paper is to explore exactly that the relationship between social media. Instagram, Facebook, Snapchat, and Pinterest) and the body satisfaction or dissatisfaction among its college-aged female users. Kramer revealed that people who look at attractive users [on Facebook] have less positive emotions afterwards and are also more dissatisfied with their own body image than people who look at unattractive users? (Haferkamp 313). Another 2011 study performed at the University of Haifa in 2011 by Professors Yael Latzer, Ruth Katz and Zohar Spivak of the Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences had similar results. It looked at the correlation between the amount of time adolescent girls spent looking at Facebook and negative body image and (dis)satisfaction. In this particular study, researchers looked at females from the age of 12 to 19, and asked them to self-report their social media use and approaches to dieting, as well as a general sense of how they feel about their bodies. In the end, it was established that: the more time girls spend on Facebook, the more they suffered conditions of bulimia, anorexia, physical dissatisfaction, negative physical self-image, negative approach to eating and more of an urge to be on a weight-loss diet. It is important to note that Latzer, Katz, and Zohar did not assert that there was causation between Facebook use and body dissatisfaction. Nonetheless, the high correlation between the two suggests that girls who spend a lot of time on social media may be using it as a way to feed their negative body image or just to find dieting and weight loss tips. Although this study focused on a slightly younger demographic of females, the results are telling of the dangerous side effects of high social media use. That someone else? used to Klein 26 only be depicted in the constant advertisements that appear throughout society, but can now interfere into everyday life through several platforms and devices. Many studies reveal that the media communicates very complex messages about cultural standards of beauty, femininity, and masculinity,? but its role has become increasingly critical, as we, as a society, have now been given the power to create our own content (Rumsey231). According to various social observers, imitation has been long recognized [and] important in human society? (Bikhchandani 152). Further, the propensity to imitate is presumably an evolutionary adaptation that has promoted survival over thousands of generations? (Bikhchandani 152). As a deeply rooted social construct, then, imitation can potentially be utilized in adverse ways. This corruption, then, can cause the internalization of the male gaze, the self-surveying gaze,? to become overwhelming, and in turn, Klein 27 distorted? (Shields 102). In recognizing the statistical increase of both eating disorders and disordered thoughts regarding weight, food, and appearance, I can more clearly see the strong correlation between changing media technology and affected self-esteem and body image. Social media has the potential to foster an internalization of the male gaze as described in the analysis of advertisements, as well as the desire to imitate our peers, as st described in sociological and psychological theories. For females in the 21 century, the strong emphasis placed on social networking and photo sharing can only build on the already existent phenomenon of social psychology, sociology, and media effects theories that help explain body dissatisfaction and disordered eating. So, before discussing the influence of new and social media on female body image, we must trace and analyze the various depictions of beauty that have circulated throughout advertising and media history; as well as how those changing images have affected women in society. As established in the previous chapter, the prevalence of negative body image continues to rise. Additionally, the speculation that media consumption affects the way in which people feel about themselves is not a new concept. It will be helpful to analyze the way in which traditional media have portrayed women throughout the past century in order to understand how women today have learned to portray themselves both in real life and on their social media profiles essentially, their own forms of personal advertising. Then, it will be easier to argue that social media, in fact, builds upon an already existing phenomena of media influence that, prior to the Internet, was largely only attributed to the advertising industry. Once this paper establishes a correlation between body image changes and fluctuations of the size of the average woman as she appears in advertising, I will have a stronger foundation on which to base my argument that social media, like advertising, can have adverse effects on Klein 29 female body image. This chapter will contain a critical analysis and close reading of specific advertisements throughout history and discuss how our notions of body image and self-worth have evolved accordingly. For the purpose of this paper, I will focus only the evolution of the ideal woman as she appears in advertising. Through perfectly posed graphics, advertisers attempt to set up a virtual reality and dictate what is considered normal for society as a whole. Author, Jim Fowles, refers to the changing fashion trends as the cycle of attractiveness,? and argues that it is defined in popular culture and then refined in advertising? (140). And through the analysis of the evolution of the female role in this cycle of attraction,? we can see changes in style, fashion, and most important, the values of society (Reichert 83). Using a variety of idealized graphics, advertising tells us who we are and who we want to be [?] it corrupts our language and thus influences our ability to think clearly? (Kilbourne 74). One way that advertisers do this is to utilize and sexualize women as a way to sell a product. This environment cultivates a body-hatred that so many young women feel,? which ultimately leads to disordered thoughts and body dissatisfaction as well as simply being obsessed with controlling ones appetite? (Kilbourne 135). Since the early 1900s, young women have been surrounded by photo-heavy media that has helped shape their perspectives of themselves and those around them. And Klein 30 although the ideal beauty has been expressed through a variety of body types, the thin and fit ideal has consistently been a key signifier of femininity,? encouraging women to embody a certain, usually unrealistic figure (Rumsey 175). This thin ideal has continued to decrease in shape and weight since the 1950s, and today, is even more slender, sometimes to a dangerous point of emaciation. In fact, between the 50s and the 80s, the proportion of heavy models dropped from 12% to 3% [?] whereas the use of very thin models rose from 3% to 46%? (Fowles 141). Although the trendy styles and desired appearances as dictated by the media change regularly, each tiny deviation from the previous look [has been] greeted with utter delirium? (Mulvey 9). In other words, most new trends that have been introduced in the media have been eagerly mirrored in society. Thirty years later, in the 1950s, a full chested hourglass? woman was preferred again; while, twenty years after that, she was reduced to the skinny waif? of the 1970s (Shields xii). In looking through the past century, advertisements have always reinforced the idea that women should fit a certain standard. Klein 31 In 1916, Pond created an advertising campaign for Vanishing Cream that definitely contributed to the standard for women at the time. Although the ads features cartoon drawings rather than real models or actresses, it still implies that women must look like the female cartoon in order to be courted and desired by men. If the placement of the figures isn?t enough, Pond even adds text to the ad that reads, What a man looks for in a girl? (Reichert 82). The marketers left nothing up for interpretation men wan women to look a certain way and this product will help achieve them that look. Her body does not appear to be excessively slender, but her dress does accentuate the area just below her chest, which was a desired physical trait of the era called the empire line? (Mulvey 52). An empire line is the narrow waist right below the bust of a woman that is Klein 32 meant to accentuate her breasts, a typically objectified body part for women. In fact, during the time the ad was featured, short hair was seen as chic? and as a result of ads like this one, the style was mimicked by hundreds of in the first week of it being reported? in the media (Mulvey 54). The speed at which styles changed as a result of media and advertising was impeccable even in the early 1900s. Even in the early 1900s advertising had an almost immediate effect on the style preferences with regards to clothing, hairstyle, and physical appearance. Imagine now, with the advent of the Internet and smartphones, the potential speed at which styles and preferences can change. They wanted what the advertisements showed them fame, beauty, and attention from men and they were conditioned to think that in order to achieve that, they would need to mimic what they saw. For that reason, advertisements have always held a certain power over women, as they tend to dictate what is socially acceptable as a female ideal. Twenty years later, in the 1930s, advertisements continued to reinforce the myth of the ideal feminine beauty. In other words, advertisements suggested that beauty was attainable, but just one product or one diet away. Women in advertisements appeared just beautiful enough that average women felt as though, with work, they, too, could look like that.

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In fact symptoms when quitting smoking buy epitol with american express, as we have said earlier, the noosphere is the region on Earth for the receipt and transmission of messages of cosmic consciousness. This being so, the future of human evolution, of Homo noosphericus, would be nothing less than to become a medium of cosmic con sciousness, adapting to the expanded measure of Noospheric Earth Time, traveling back to the stars but through the superior knowledge of the actual laws of time. In writing this book, I have only a sense of duty, of responsibility to expand the vision of my fellow earthlings from the technosphere to the noosphere. In the Law of Time there are no arbitrary distinctions between reason and art, science and proph ecy. This book is as much an exposi tion of matters generally not thought about, as it is a personal testament and vision. In that regard this text is a portion of a broadcast transduced and received by me functioning as a noospheric chip, on behalf of the biosphere-noosphere transition. In the tomb lid ofPacal Votan are impressed all the frequencies of this broadcast transmission called Time and the Technosphere. He left his body in that tomb, a jade mask being the actual impression of his face. According to Chinese and ancient Mexican tradition, jade is the stone of immortality. Where did his conscious ness and spirit go once his body was placed in the sarcophagus? Why did he leave the Telektonon, the Earth Spirit Speaking Tube, running from the tomb to the temple floor at the top of the Pyramid of the Inscriptions? Knowing the frequency of the synchronic order governing the psi bank of the mental envelope of the Earth, did he place his thoughts in the noosphere to be released at the precise moments of the opening of his tomb and the decoding of his prophecy? Beginning in 1980 I became conscious that, from time to time, I had been re ceiving telepathic transmissions. In Earth Ascending, originally written in 1983, the nature and pro gram of the psi bank, the control panel and regulating mechanism of the noosphere, became known to me. This was followed by the Mayan Factor, and then the decod ing of the Law of Time. At the moment when I had just finished writing the Mayan Factor in 1986, I received the inspiration for what is called the planet holon, the twenty-part structure accommodating the program of the twenty solar seals. When I received this image it was known to me as the program of the Arcturus Protector ate. As I understood it, the Arcturus Protectorate was established by the "star people" as a kind of protective time shield around the Earth. The Advent of the Noosphere this time shield, the star people would know that some of the earthlings were waking up to time and beginning the conscious activation of the noosphere. The Dreamspell is such a radical break from the past, and such a pure statement of the history-less fourth-dimensional future, that in order to comprehend it, in 1992 I wrote two other books, one called the Arcturus Probe: Talesand Reports of an Ongoing Investigation and the other the Call ofPacal Votan:Time is the Fourth Dimen sion. Some people will say that the Arcturus Probe is an exaggerated fantasy, yet I cannot deny what a purely telepathic process it was to write that book, which fills in many points of the psychomythic cosmology of Dreamspell: the Journey of Timeship Earth 2013. The Call of Pacal Votan was originally titled A Treatise on Time Viewed from its Own Dimension, and is a purely scientific description of the mathematical codes of the Dreamspell in relation to the biosphere-noosphere transition. The one text purely imaginal, the other purely rational, yet both were two sides of the same coin, a rendering of the Law of Time in its cosmological and mathematical compre hensiveness. Then came the even more abrupt break with my conventional past, the Telektonon Prophecy of Pacal Votan. I bring up all of these personal details because people often ask where it all came from and where I got my ideas. But more importantly, I bring them up because, as I have been indicating, all of this was foreseen and known by a seer in another time, in another world-Pacal Votan. And this process of one person hid ing a prophecy and another person in another time finding that prophecy, this is also a further revelation of how the noosphere functions. The French mathemati cian and philosopher Charles Henry (1859-1926) declared, "As the individual be comes more collective, the collective becomes more individual. The noosphere could not be understood if it did not take on a personality or a number of personalities. Otherwise the noosphere would remain in the purely theoretical state or condition. The reason for this is that any later than 2004, the prophecy will be negatively fulfilled. The Inevitable Event was a sign of God showing us that the end had already occurred. There is no other way that the noosphere can become collectively conscious than through the human adoption of a timing system of perfect harmony. By meeting our deadline with the noosphere at the time of the Great Calendar Change in the middle of the year 2004-0n the White Spectral Mirror, Day Out of Time, the day of release from the old, and Blue Crystal Storm, the day of entering the new-then the biosphere will harmonically converge with the noosphere, and the Pax Cultura, Pax Biospherica may begin in all seriousness. This is so the children of Earth can learn to be free and dwell only in your presence. Prepare for them the Second Creation you have promised to the righ teous among them. And show to them the splendors of the Second Creation, of the New Heaven and the New Earth. Show them these wonders before the Great Cycle is finished, so that they may yet wake up from the sleep of time. May they teach the children of the Earth how to become a race of wizards, tilling the noosphere as they have tilled the Earth. And here is the vision that fulfills the prayer: Planet Earth, Rhythmic Solstice, Blue Resonant Storm year, 2012 Omega Point. If we glide across the surface of the Earth we see that everywhere there are small encampments, circular and radial in formation. The once-teeming cities are eerily silent, yet still inhabited, though with far fewer people than during the time of the technosphere. It is as if everyone is draw ing in a single breath at the same time, and exhaling it at the same time. From wherever you are, even though there are clouds, you can see the shimmering irides cent rainbow alternator, either by day or by night. May what we have learned stay with us and become the inherit ance of our children for seven times seven generations to come, and may you bring us another cycle for all our descendants to live in continuing peace and harmony! My ability is commensurate with the frailties attendant to one too long steadfast on a path too little comprehended by many of those around him. The official coordinating agency for the Campaign for the New Time and the World Thirteen Moon Calendar Change Peace Movement is the Foundation for the Law of Time. The Foundation also publishes calendars, tools, and literature about the Law of Time and sponsors various educational programs, peri odic seminars and congresses, and projects such as the new time educational cara vans and the development of garden-oriented land bases. For general information on the Law of Time or the Campaign for the New Time and its educational programs contact: Foundation for the Law of Time, World Headquarters Post Office Box 513 Brightwood, Oregon 97011 U. Tel: +1 (208) 255-1172 Fax: +1 (208) 265-9107 the official Web site for the Foundation for the Law of Time, Planet Art Net work, World Thirteen Moon Calendar Change Peace Movement and Campaign for the New Time is: A major aspect of the Campaign for the New Time is the development of a program of "strategic alliances," information about which is also available at If you belong to an organization that you feel could be in align ment with the goals of the Campaign you can check out the Strategic Alliance page of the Web site or directly contact the Foundation for the Law of Time, World 198. The goal of the Strategic Alliances is to establish a "synchronization for peace force"-a coalition of a wide spectrum of organizations that are in align ment with the calendar change and are willing to help organize local events and information dissemination for the Great Calendar Change of 2004. The Law of Time asserts that the actual nature of time is synchronic; hence the purpose of calen dars is to synchronize us in time according to various cycles whose harmonic num bers extend from and return us to a higher mental order of reality. It is a fatal error to dismiss a mathematics of harmonic perfection when it is allied with the ordering and comprehension of cycles. The pursuit of a true and accurate year totally subordi nates the cyclic nature of time to the ceaseless imperfection and change that charac terize the phenomenal world when it is considered as the sole factor of existence. In order to prepare the ground for a proper consideration of the Law of Time and the evolutionary necessity of the synchronic order of time as the harmonic reor ganizing factor of humanity in its post-historic phase, it is necessary to expunge from the mind the error known as the Gregorian calendar. To demonstrate and expose the illogical and irrational nature of the Gregorian calendar as a standard of 200. Summary Critique measure, the following seven points are presented as a simple appeal to the intrinsic logic and intelligence of any human being. We require of a standard of measure that its units of measure are regular and equal with one another. This is not the case with the Gregorian calendar, whose base unit of measure, the month, proceeds in an irregular and uneven manner: 31 days, 28 days, 31 days, 30 days, 31 days, 30 days, 31 days, 31 days, 30 days, 31 days, 30 days, and 31 days. Do you know what results when a crooked standard of measure is employed consistently for millennia?

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Because it consists of five interactive components treatment venous stasis buy generic epitol 100mg, the techno sphere can be graphi cally depicted as a pentagon, a five-sided figure. At the center of this pentagon of the technosphere are the World Trade Center Twin Towers. The actual Pentagon, which was attacked along with the Twin Towers, was designed in the late 1930s to house the U. The structure of the Pentagon is the prototypical morphology the Climax of History. The Pentagon was the impregnable fortress of the American war machine, protecting American in terests and globalization around the world. If there were two central points-actual and symbolic-to what is known as the military-industrial complex, it was the Pen tagon and the World Trade Center, and this is undoubtedly the reason why they were both targets of the Inevitable Event. What is architecturally noteworthy about the Pentagon is that it is designed with five inner pentagonal corridors and office slabs, and that it is constructed with its odd point to the south. Since a pentagon is actually a pentagram, a five-pointed star with its points connected, the Pentagon represents an inverted pentagram, as its odd point faces south rather than north. In the traditional Tarot deck it is interesting that the Fifteenth Major Arcana, the Devil, contains an inverted pentagram between the horns of the Beast. Paul Foster Case writes, "This is a key to the whole meaning of the figure [of the devil]. No matter how much America and its allies, many of them bought for a price, may strike back, the deed has been done. While it will take several years for the full realization of the absolute magnitude of this archetypal event to sink into the 88. The Climax of History collective mind, it is important to demonstrate the actual structure in time of the techno sphere so that the finality of its end may be seriously considered, and the gate to the future, which has thereby been opened, can be made clearly visible. As we have shown, the technosphere is a structure totally brought about by the 12:60 timing frequency, and thus is purely a function of the latter. As such, the technosphere is embedded in the global macro-organizing principle of the 12:60 fre quency, the Gregorian calendar. Two 28-year cycles, each one divided into four 7-year subcycles, define the duration of the technosphere. As we have pointed out, the 56-year cycle of the technosphere, 1945-2001, is preceded by the 44-year cycle of the proto technosphere. The fifty-six years between Hiroshima and the Inevitable Event were the age of terror, for it was atomic terror that initiated the technosphere in a baptism of nuclear fire, and in the end, it was an unimaginable suicidal terror that brought down not just one, but both of the Twin Towers of Babel. The final collapse of the technosphere is also the final war between blood and money. Only a new time will be able to regenerate the biosphere and spiritually revive mankind. What follows is a chronological description of the eight 7-year stages of the fifty-six years of the technosphere. During the first dynamic 7-year cycle, with the triple event of the first test of the atomic bomb and its two detonations at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the biosphere becomes irrevocably altered by the introduction of a constant, steady state back ground radiation into the atmosphere, the actual inception of the biogeochemical combustion. The reality is that the humans also created their first weapon of mass destruction. It is this act that also immediately sets in motion a destabilization of the human consciousness in the noosphere. In the same year, 1947, the iron curtain between communist Eastern Europe and the West, epitomized by the Berlin Wall, turns the enmity between the two major powers, the Soviet Union and capitalist America, into the Cold War. Nonetheless, the terror of the Bomb as the ultimate deterrent engenders the arms race. War in Indochina, the establishment of the Israeli state in Palestine (1948) at the expense of the sover eignty of the Palestinian people, and the completion of the Chinese Marxist Revolu tion under Chairman Mao are the highlights of 1949, followed by the Korean War in 1950. At the same time, 1949, commercial television production begins in the United States; the age of radio is replaced by the "tube. In the summer of 1952 a Cuban archaeologist discovers the tomb of the Mayan sage, Pacal Votan. This unprecedented archaeological event marks the beginning of the final sixty years-three katun cycles-of the Mayan thirteen baktun cycle of history. The United States and Russia conduct numerous nuclear weapons tests in Nevada, Siberia, and the Pacific Ocean. Wars for independence occur in various African states, and in general the era of European imperialism is at an end, followed by the neo-colonialist (Third World) era of guer rilla warfare, poverty, and social instability. In 1956, the year the Russians launch the first sputnik and begin the space age, the United Nations tables the issue of calendar reform indefinitely, thus closing the chapter begun when the League of Nations proposed global calendar reform in 1931. The year 1956 also marks the beginning of the electronic pop culture of the technosphere, rock and roll. By the end of this cycle, the "space race" joins the arms race as a force in promoting the advance of the technosphere. The Climax of History travel begins, with the airport to become the centerpiece of globalization. The July 26 Cuban Revolution of Fidel Castro, triumphant in 1959, establishes a communist state in the Americas and heightens the Cold War. That same year the Chinese communists bring to a definitive end the rule of the Dalai Lama in Tibet. In the Congo, the popular hero Patrice Lumumba is assassinated after only two months in office. Also in 1960, the human population hits three billion, an increase of one billion since 1930. In 1961 the Institute of Mathematics of the Siberian Branch of the Soviet Academy of Sciences begins the monumental mathematical analysis of Mayan hieroglyphic texts. The attempted 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba is fol lowed in 1963 with the assassination ofJohn F. Kennedy, an act that reflects a rising level of cultural turmoil in the United States. This act seals the technosphere within the unquestioned confines of Gregorian time, ultimately turn ing the atomic mind explosion in on itself. In 1966 construction begins on the World Trade Center Twin Towers, while in 1968 World Trade Centers are independently established in Houston, New Orleans, and Tokyo. This ferment includes: race riots, antiwar riots, a march on the Pentagon, the assassinations of Martin Luther King Jr. Also in 1969, the Woodstock concert marks the apex of the early rock-and-roll culture and the visionary climax of the cultural revolution. In 1970 the vision of the whole Earth is translated into the first Earth Day and the birth of the ecology movement. The United Nations follows two years later with the Stockholm Conference on the Environment. The revolutionary fervor of the previ ous years turns more violent, and repressive governmental police powers win the day. The first 28-year cycle ends with a whimper, the dynamic destabilization of consciousness reaches a plateau of normalcy-a normalcy to be increasingly punctu ated by terrorist activity, as in the Palestinian takeover of the Olympic Village in September 1972. Both apart from as well as in reaction to such activity, the technosphere has now become all-dominant and all-powerful in human affairs. This normalization of human consciousness allows the diverse and rapidly evolving tech nological components of the technosphere to reach a point of consolidation. This stabilization of the World Market fosters its next and concluding phase: globalization and the triumph of marketing over human culture. It should be kept in mind that the instruments and weapons of mass destruction, of which there were none on January 1, 1945, have now proliferated to five different countries and provide the ultimate backdrop to these first twenty-eight years. The dedication of the World Trade Center Twin Towers on April 4, 1973 (a repeat of the calendar year of the Bomb, 1945) is the counterpart to the construction of the Pentagon (1940-1941), which sponsored the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The tallest buildings in the world when they opened, the 11O-story Twin Towers seal the Climax of History. Also in 1973, after five years of study the Club of Rome issues the Limits of Growth, which in its analysis of trends foresees a major environmental (biospheric) crisis within one hundred years, yet nonetheless establishes and promotes the standard world model, a setting of production quotas at the 1973 level, to foster sustainable growth at least until 2020.