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Birth 24 tretinoin 005 acne buy generic dapsone from india,41,58,93 Reflexes Y Rooting reflex Reflex is stimulated by touch at the corner of the mouth Response: turn the head toward the touch Y Suck-swallow reflex and gag reflex Reflex is triggered when the posterior tongue or pharynx is touched Response: contraction of the palate and pharynx Y Tongue protrusion and transverse reflex Reflex is triggered by touch to lips or tongue Response: tongue protrudes and moves laterally Y Phasic bite reflex Reflex is triggered by pressure on gums Response: rhythmic open and closing of jaw Oro-motor skills Y respond to primitive reflexes Y tongue occupies large proportion of the mouth Y lips and tongue function as a total unit when feeding Sucking Y 1:1 suck to swallow ratio Y 2 or 3 sucks per swallow by the end of the feed Y bursts of sucking followed by pauses Y in-out tongue movements Y support required to achieve midline orientation Cup drinking Not a main method of feeding Solids Not introduced Child and Youth Health Practice Manual 53 Section 2 Birth to fve years [0 to 12 months] Three months 24,41,58,93 Reflexes Y gag and suck-swallow reflexes may still be present Y rooting reflex is diminishing Y tongue protrusion reflex present Y phasic bite present Oro-motor skills Y head and neck control improve along with oro-motor skills Y increased oral and facial movement and control occurs. Thereafer, appropriate complementary foods are added with continued breastfeeding up to 2 years of age or beyond, for as long as the mother and child desire 41, 94. Australian Breastfeeding Association, Raising Children website z supporting the principles of the Baby Friendly Health Initiative41. However, efective removal of milk from the breasts is necessary to establish and maintain lactation. The hormone prolactin is necessary for milk production, and oxytocin initiates the milk-ejection reflex. Unrestricted breastfeeds and efective removal of milk from the breasts are the most important factors contributing to successful breast feeding 41. Afer the frst day or so, most newborns will establish a pattern of breastfeeding between 8-12 times over 24 hours. The storage capacity of the breast varies from person to person, women with a capacity to store a large amount of milk will have greater flexibility in their feeding frequency than women with smaller storage capacity, these women will feed more frequently to maintain a similar levels of milk production 41. The colour of colostrum varies from clear to pale yellow to bright orange and mature breast milk varies from creamy to opalescent. The composition of breast milk is complex, containing essential compounds and fluids that meet all the infants requirements for at least the frst six months of life 41. In general however, at the start of a breastfeed the fat content is lower with an increasing rise as the breast becomes drained (noting that the breast is never fully drained) 41. A period of cluster feeding on most days is normal where an infant cues for breastfeeds frequently within a short period of time over a period of hours. Child and Youth Health Practice Manual 59 Section 2 Birth to fve years [0 to 12 months] Nipple care and management Nipple pain is a common discomfort among breast feeding women in the early days with a peak of discomfort usually about the third day following birth. Continuing nipple pain is not expected and could be caused by both maternal and infant factors such as: Y incorrect positioning of the infant at the breast Y trauma from the use of breast pumps or nipple shields Y infection (Mother or Infant). Tips for managing nipple pain can include: Y assess positioning at the breast to support optimal infant positioning and latch Y encourage the Mother to express a little milk at the end of the feed and gently spread it over the nipple and allow the nipples to air dry afer feeds. Whatever the position, it is important the mother is comfortable with adequate support for her back, arms and feet and her clothing non-restrictive. Child and Youth Health Practice Manual 61 Section 2 Birth to fve years [0 to 12 months] Expressing breast milk A mother may need to express breast milk for a number of reasons, for example: premature birth. It is important the mother knows how to express and store the breast milk, this may support her feeling of breast feeding competence and increase her achieving maximum time breast feeding 41. Preparation Y wash hands with soap and warm water and dry thoroughly (this cleans and warms the hands) Y express in a comfortable, private place where you can relax and not be interrupted. Hand expressing Y place thumb and fngers on opposite sides of the breast just behind the areola Y rhythmically squeeze the breast with a rolling movement between the thumb and fngers and an inward direction (try about twice per second). Using a pump (hand or electric) Y follow the directions that come with the pump Y follow the steps above, it is ofen helpful to get the flow going by hand then applying the pump Y ensure the breast cup is centred on the nipple and the flange is the correct size Y start the electric suction at a low strength and increase according to comfort 41. Management of milk supply Breast compression When baby is only suckling at the breast and not drinking efectively, breast compressions help with the flow of milk to encourage baby to continue with nutritive suckling. The technique may be useful for: Y poor weight gain in the infant Y colic in the breastfed infant Y frequent feedings and/or long feedings Y sore nipples in the mother Y recurrent blocked ducts and/or mastitis Y encouraging the infant who falls asleep quickly to continue drinking not just sucking 96. Child and Youth Health Practice Manual 63 Section 2 Birth to fve years [0 to 12 months] Practice tips: Supporting a mother with breast compression Instruct the mother to: Y Hold the infant with one arm. Ofen the infant will stop sucking altogether when the pressure is released, but will start again shortly as milk starts to flow again. If the infant does not stop sucking with the release of pressure, wait a short time before compressing again. You should allow the infant to stay on the side for a short time longer, as you may occasionally get another letdown reflex (milk ejection reflex) and the infant will start drinking again, on his own. The following conditions indicate adequate milk intake: Y at least 4-6 disposable, or 6-8 very wet cloth nappies in 24 hours Y pale yellow, in-ofensive urine Y 3 or more bowel movements of seedy yellow stools a day by Day 3 for at least up to 6 weeks Y in the frst couple of months, at least 2-3 sof, yellow, curdy bowel motions per day (absence of this does not necessarily indicate inadequate supply) Y weight gain, averaged over a month Y infant is reasonably content for some time between some breast feeds Y good skin tone, moist mucus membranes and clear, bright eyes 41. In the case where these conditions are met over the course of breast feeding, the health professional can provide reassurance and education to families, such as normal infant behaviour and normal physiological changes within the breast. If however these conditions are not met the health care professional will observe for other signs of insufcient milks intake such as: Y Infant lethargy, Y infrequent stools, Y scant urine, Y failure to gain weight or Y weight loss. Due to the inconclusive research fndings specifc to pharmaceutical galactogogues (such as domperidone), and the lack of regulation around herbal galactogogues. The health care professional should be guided by their scope of practice framework and local Hospital and Health Service protocols. Supplementary feeds Supplementary feeding are feeds given in addition to a breast feed. Indications Y Supplements should always be used in addition to strategies for increasing milk supply. It is preferable that strategies to increase milk supply be used before the addition of supplementary feeds, but, depending on the condition of the infant, this is sometimes not possible Y Evidence of inadequate intake Y infant malnutrition Y medical orders. Management Y Supplements can be given via a nursing supplementer, bottle, spoon or cup. The action of feeding from a bottle is diferent from feeding at the breast and it is difcult for some babies to switch from one to the other. Mothers must be individually counselled so that they can make an informed decision regarding the options available 98 Reasons for use Y to provide nutritional requirement Y increases breast stimulation Y promotes continued nutritive sucking when breast milk supply may be inadequate Y avoids nipple confusion Y adoptive mothers Y a medical reason that results in a decrease in milk secreting tissues Y time-efcient alternative to complementing with a bottle. Management Y Avoid overfeeding (it is preferable to ensure the infant is alert and hungry and ready for the next feed). Disadvantages Y Mother may fnd it awkward to use especially if they are having difculties with basic breast feeding techniques. When commencing the use of a supplementer a mother should be supervised for a minimum of three consecutive feeds so that she feels confdent in using the device. Fast milk ejection reflex / fast flow may occur in response to the letdown reflex causing difculty for the infant to maintain a comfortable suck-swallow pattern. Health care professionals need to distinguish between oversupply and fast milk ejection reflex/fast flow when discussing this issue with parents. Symptoms of oversupply Y uncomfortably full breasts Y unsettled, colicky infant, frothy stools Y feeding frequently. Symptoms of fast flow Y fussing Y choking Y gulping during feeds Y pulling of breast. Management the health professionals can provide reassurance to the family that this will resolve over time. However if the oversupply continues the following can be recommended: Y express a little milk until the milk ejection reflex commences and the areola sofens Y temporarily feed one breast at each feed until the supply settles, i.

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Identity conceptions promoted by diverse groups such as the Young Ottomans acne vitamin deficiency buy 100 mg dapsone, Islamists and the Young Turks during this time period, shaped trends which subsequent Turkish actors unavoidably inherited. Therefore before examining the identity conceptions of Turkish actors in the republican period, the first task of this chapter is to establish the genealogy of ideas and policies they inherited from the late Ottoman era. Although, Kemalists managed to pause identity debates in Turkey, rival claims to national identity remained strong and continued to shape societal perceptions and affect political debates in the country. In line with this view, the third part of the chapter will show how alternative identity conceptions became a reference point for the opposition in Turkey following the establishment of the multi-party system in 1946. Here, the main focus will be on how Westernization was re-interpreted during the 1950s and 69 was understood as fostering relations with the West rather than a cultural imitation of it, and with the United States rather than Western Europe as the model. Subsequently, the discussion will shift to the Ozal period during the 1980s which represents a turning point for both domestic and foreign policies of Turkey. Since the foreign policy developments in the post-Cold War period constitutes the main topic of the case study chapters, the emphasis here will be on important internal developments which transformed Turkish foreign policy into an area of contestation between diverse identities. Throughout the chapter, a special emphasis will be given to the role of regional differences, which existed since the Ottoman times, in the problematization of Turkish national identity construction and external projection. At the height of its power, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the Ottoman Empire encompassed a very large area spanning three continents and controlled much of South-eastern Europe, Western Asia and Northern Africa. These vast territories were home to an extremely diverse population ranging from the Muslim majority to the minority population, specifically Christians and Jews. As a theocratic state, the Ottomans classified their subjects according to their religious beliefs. This system of classification, known as the Millet System created semi-autonomous communities within the empire and allowed non-Muslim communities to maintain their own laws, courts, judges and 160 schools. Turks, Kurds, Albanians, Bosniaks and Arabs constituted the Muslim Millet whereas Greek Orthodox, Jews and Armenians were other major millets of the empire. The Millet System was a significant mechanism which sustained the multi-cultural nature of the 160 See Kenan, S. Even though the empire encompassed a very large territory, the settlement of the Ottoman Turks who dominated the ruling class, was largely concentrated in two distinct areas, namely the Balkan Peninsula which was also called Rumelia or European Turkey and Anatolia which was also called Asia Minor. For this reason, the Ottoman Empire fundamentally rested on two geographic pillars and had been a polity with two separate centres of gravity. Rumelia included the most advanced, most densely populated and wealthiest provinces of the empire and was home to a disproportionately large part of the Ottoman ruling elite. In particular, the cosmopolitan port city of Salonika (Selanik in Turkish) was a terminus for steamships and railways, an important manufacturing and 162 commercial centre, and indeed the most industrialized city in the empire. It was one of the Ottoman cities best supplied with schools and army headquarters both of which were open to new currents of thought. On the other hand, Anatolia which provided the bulk of the imperial 163 armies was relatively poor, isolated and traditional. The earliest debates on identity in the Ottoman Empire took place in the period of stagnation in which the Ottoman armies suffered humiliating defeats in Europe. Following the defeats, Ottoman elites abandoned the idea of Islamic superiority and became increasingly interested in the internal developments in Western Europe. For instance, the important port city of Izmir (Smyrna) which is situated at the westernmost end of Anatolia has never been considered Anatolian due to cultural reasons. Furthermore, he created different channels of communication with Europe, the most important being the European instructors in military education and the embassies. Another important development of the period was the dramatic increase in the number of bureaucrats who were sent to various European capitals to observe Western fiwaysfi. As a result of increasing contact with Europe, European (especially French) ideas and lifestyle began to spread among the Ottoman elite, particularly among the military officers and bureaucrats. In 1839, Sultan Abdulmecid I declared the Tanzimat Fermanfi in Istanbul, the first of several reforming edicts with the aim of preventing feudalization and restoring the central authority of the Ottoman state. Although external pressures played a role in the adoption of these reforms, most Ottoman statesmen shared the belief that the only way to save the empire from disintegration was to introduce European168 style reforms. During the Tanzimat era, the Ottoman economy was incorporated into the world free-trading regime as a peripheral state which intensified economic and political ties between the empire and the West. This created an advantageous position for the non-Muslim millets who established partnership with Western European merchants. Thanks to their European partners, many Greeks, Armenians and Jews were granted protection from 169 European powers and benefited from lower taxes as well as the capitulations. The protected status of the non-Muslims in a period in which trade expanded rapidly paved the way for the emergence of an entrepreneurial non-Muslim bourgeoisie who greatly prospered in a relatively short time. Herkul Milas defined this era as the golden age for the Greeks and 170 other non-Muslims of the Ottoman Empire. Nevertheless, the Tanzimat reforms had not produced the expected results and had not saved the empire from decline. Moreover, the intensification of a religious division of labour between Muslims who dominated a greatly increased state apparatus, and non-Muslims who 167 Zurcher, E. At the same time, the rising prosperity of non-Muslim millets provided a material basis for their intellectual revival and independence struggle in the coming years while causing resentment among large segments of the Muslim society. This resentment contributed greatly to the rise of identity debates and the emergence of opposition groups such as the Young Ottomans. The main idea of the Young Ottomans was that reforms should not be based on cultural imitation of the West, but on a true and modern understanding of Islam, the argument being that Islam was a rational religion receptive to scientific innovation and that in its 172 original form the Islamic community had been an embryonic democracy. This cooperation paved the way for the promulgation of the first Ottoman constitution in 1876, which was indeed written by the Young Ottomans. Nevertheless, this liberal transition was discontinued when the Sultan abolished the General Assembly and suspended the constitution only two years after its adoption under the guise of Ottoman-Russia War in 1878. Following the defeat of the Ottomans in the war, the Sultan began cooperating with another opposition movement, namely Islamists, which also emerged during the Tanzimat period. Islamists argued that Westernizing reforms would result in the loss of Ottoman 174 cultural identity and suggested a return to the values of the Sharia. In line with this view, Abdulhamid opposed Ottomanism and promoted a Pan-Islamist ideology which aimed at the unity of all Muslims. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, it became clear that neither Ottomanism nor Islamism would be able to save the empire from decline. Ottomanism was largely rejected by many in the non-Muslim millets and by many Muslims. To the former, it was perceived as a step towards dismantling their traditional privileges. On the other hand, the 175 Muslims regarded it as the elimination of their own superior position. Due to its multiethnic and multi-religious character, the Ottoman society was also vulnerable to an Islamist ideology. In this context, we witnessed the emergence of alternative groups promoting alternative conceptions of identity. The birthplace, or more specifically the geographical origins of the family, was an important distinguishing mark among the Young Turks. The legacy of growing up in ethnically heterogeneous Rumelia made the prominent ideologues of the Young Turk movement highly aware of the problems of national identity and political allegiance as well as the rising socio-economic gap between the non-Muslim and Muslim millets of the empire.

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Culture and Context the line between use and abuse skin care tips in urdu discount dapsone 100mg free shipping, as well as that between abuse and dependence, shifts over time and across cultures and ethnic groups. For example, cocaine was used legally as a remedy for many ills in the second half of the 19th century, but it has now been illegal for decades. Some Brazilian women are followers of Santo Native American tribes, for example, use Daime, a spiritual practice that involves drinking hoasca, a tea made of plantpeyote or psilocybin mushrooms (which, based hallucinogens. Hoasca is legal in when eaten, produce vivid hallucinations) Brazil and the United States when it is as part of sacred rituals. Within these cultures, the use of psychoactive substances is strongly regulated, and there are penalties for abuse, including death (Trimble, 1994). However, not all cultures fit neatly into one of these four categories, and within a given culture, subcultures may exhibit different patterns. In the remaining sections of this chapter we discuss specific substances that are abused. We first describe what they are and consider the ways in which they have their effects. Because treatments for various types of substance abuse are similar, we consider treatment for all types of substance abuse in the final section of the chapter. Specifically, list which criteria apply model focuses on underlying factors that may contribute to a and which do not. If you would like more information to devariety of problem behaviors, including substance abuse. As noted earlier, they got through their performances by taking a legal stimulant (Preludin). Band members later reported that they did not fully realize that they were ingesting a stimulant. A bouncer at the club simply handed pills to the boys and suggested that they take them. The pills had their effect: the musicians played for hours and then stayed up for hours afterward, going to other clubs (Spitz, 2005). At low doses, a stimulant can make the user feel alert, less hungry, and more energetic, mentally and physically. However, there is a significant cost to such repeated use: a high likelihood of dependence. Cocaine and Crack Derived from the coca leaf, cocaine was a popular medicine for various ailments in 18th-century Europe and North America. The hallucinations occur because Neurological effects cocaine causes sensory neurons to fire spontaneously. Like snorting cocaine, smoking crack leads to a sense of well-being, energy, and mental clarity. As with other stimulants, when the high from crack evaporates, it leaves in its wake a sense of depression and craving for more of the drug, as related by Mr. These aftereffects may lead the user to take more of the drug, and may lead to dependence. I just want to sit there and enjoy the feeling and not think about anything or do anything. Everything was falling apart with my relationship, and I was starting to miss work a lot. First you start thinking about it, then your body almost reproduces the feeling that you get from a high. From pretty much then on, I have been using regularly about once a week, once every 2 weeks. Amphetamines Amphetamines typically produce the same effects as does cocaine, although these effects last longer. Common amphetamines include benzedrine (racemic amphetamine sulfate), dexedrine (dextroamphetamine), and adderall (a combination of amphetamine salts). Amphetamines are usually available as pills, which typically are swallowed, although the contents of the pills may be snorted or diluted and injected. With repeated use of amphetamines, people may become hostile toward others or develop a sense of grandiosity, as well as exhibit disorganized thinking or behavior (Krystal et al. Because tolerance develops, repeat users may take high doses, which can cause amphetamine psychosis, a condition characterized by paranoid delusions and hallucinations (symptoms similar to those of paranoid Substance Use Disorders 393 schizophrenia; see Chapter 12). Because tolerance gradually reduced the effects of the drug, she began taking more and more of it. Increasingly, the feelings of euphoria that at first had been induced by the drug were replaced by restlessness, irritability, and anger. People learned to stay away from her when she was studying late at night, because they knew she could lash out at them for the slightest provocation. Worse, though, were the profound feelings of depression that Mary Beth had begun to experience when the drug wore off. At those times, the best she could do (if she had no more drug to take) was to go to bed and try to fall asleep. Lied, cheated, and screwed friend after friend until I had no Methamphetamine friends at all. I began to get paranoid, carried a 20-gauge sawed off shotgun around Abuse with me. Although such casual use does not meet the criteria for abuse or dependence, it still carries the risk of adverse medical side effects related to heart problems and stroke.

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Such a method is much to be preferred over the be at being given an opportunity to speak of them skin care home remedies purchase genuine dapsone online. Should patients Once the directive portion of the interview has been comremain uncooperative, it may at times be possible to infer pleted it is appropriate to give the patient an opportunity their cognitive status indirectly; for example, during histo speak freely again. If asked whether they have anything tory taking, by asking the date of a recent event brought up else to add, many patients will offer important information by the patient. Asking patients whether they have anything they examination typically indicate the presence of one of the wish to ask the physician is also appropriate, as the major syndromes, such as dementia (Section 5. This is especially the case when patients illnesses, sometimes with diagnostically suggestive results. In obtaining the collateral history, particular attention are left in a greater or lesser degree of disarray. Patients with psychosis, especially schizowork, shopping, driving or using public transportation, phrenia (Section 20. Inquiry should also be made regarding dirty, and their clothing may be bizarre, as, for example, hobbies, such as playing cards or chess, or doing crossword with multiple layers and a woollen cap, even in the sumpuzzles. In cases characterized by cognitive deficits, the loss mer; overall dishevellment may also be seen in frontal lobe of these abilities may serve to establish the onset of the cursyndrome, dementia, or delirium. This is Comments should be made on the relationship of the sometimes a tedious task but, as with interviewing collatpatient to the interviewer, noting, for example, whether the eral sources, it may reveal critical information. Echopraxia is said tion, and a tendency to puerile, silly puns or jokes may to be present when patients involuntarily mimic what others, suggest frontal lobe syndrome, and in epileptics one may such as the examining physician, do (Section 4. Various conditions may underlie such a a picture of mere sullenness and withdrawal. Mere exhaustion may slow patients down, but the Affect has been variously defined as representing either response to rest is generally robust. Apathetic patients, the combination of the immediately present emotion and lacking in motivation, may evidence little speech or behavits accompanying expression in tone of voice, gesture, ior; depressed patients may appear similar but here one facial expression, etc. Although in general there is a conmay also be a generalized slowing of all behavior; however, gruence between the experienced emotion and the facial here one also fails to see a depressed mood. This is perhaps most dramatic in emotional incontinence Catatonia of the stuporous type (Section 3. Other behavioral disturbances may occur during the Given that, as with mood, affect may be depressed, interview and examination, including mannerisms, stereoeuphoric, anxious, or irritable it may appear academic to typies, and echopraxia. Mannerisms represent more or less distinguish between the two; however, disparities between bizarre transformations of speech, gesture, or other behavmood and affect may arise. Stereotypies are a kind of perseveration affect is relatively changeable: in a sense, mood is to climate p01. As such, it may be distinassociations spoke freely and at length and, although what guished from motor aprosodia (Section 2. By contrast, patients with aphasia often had at least in a monotone as if they had no feelings. Flattened affect is found aphasia, and that it is much more useful to look for the very commonly in schizophrenia (Andreasen et al. In ditions, as discussed in the chapters on depression, mania, listening to such patients, the interviewer often has to and anxiety. Both of these signs are diagnostically non-specific for treatment with antidepressants or other medications. This differs from incoherence in that, although incoherence, circumstantiality and tangentiality, and flight incomplete, the development of the subject is coherent of ideas. Such a flight of ideas Incoherent speech is characterized by a disconnectedis classic for mania. Incoherence may be found in a number Other disturbances of thought or speech of different syndromes, and it is the presence of other signs and symptoms that alerts the clinician to which syndromal Poverty of thought is characterized by a dearth of thoughts: diagnosis should be pursued: cognitive deficits indicate the such patients, lacking anything to say, speak very little. By presence of dementia or delirium; heightened mood, pressure contrast, patients with poverty of speech may speak much. Both these disturbances may be found in schizoincoherence but with few, if any, other abnormalities on phrenia and in certain cases of aphasia. This is Certain auditory hallucinations are included among the not a matter of simply running out of things to say, but Schneiderian first rank symptoms (Section 4. To be in the presence of such patients Delusions is akin to standing in front of a dam bursting with words and thoughts. This abnormality for a Canadian of the twenty-first century to be so convinced is most commonly seen in dementia or delirium. Echolalia is characterized by an involuntary repetition Delusions are generally categorized according to their by the patient of words or sentences spoken by others, and content or theme.

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Nevertheless these developments were not a challenge to the traditional Western orientation of Turkish foreign policy skin care untuk kulit berjerawat order dapsone 100mg with visa. On the contrary, Ozal made efforts to combine Turkish and Western interests in the Middle East, the Balkans, Central Asia and the Caucasus. In doing so, he tried to persuade the West that Turkey was an influential regional power; and with its democratic, secular and pro-Western system could be a good model for its neighbouring countries. As will be shown in chapter five, Ozal attached a special importance to relations with Washington and saw the Gulf crisis as a perfect opportunity for Turkey to show its value to the Western security system especially to the United States. In a similar approach with Menderes and Demirel, Ozal also prioritized political Westernization rather than the cultural side of it and in line with this view, made efforts to persuade the Europeans to accept the Turks as Muslim Europeans into the European political system. He emphasized that such a development would facilitate the institutionalization of democracy in Turkey. At this point, let us now shift our attention to the rise of political Islam following the Ozal period which transformed Turkish foreign policy into a platform of contestation between diverse identities. Despite these developments, the Turkish economy as a whole worsened as Ciller government did not have any strong, clearly defined economic plan and continued to run huge deficits. Moreover, extensive privatization brought a dramatic rise in unemployment and a drastic decrease in the number of jobs. This increased rural-to-urban migration, while the work opportunities for newcomers were 214 shrinking. In addition to rising unemployment, the value of the Turkish Lira continued to decrease in a constant devaluation against harder currencies. In brief, while opening the Turkish economy to the world, neo-liberal policies deepened the gap between the rich and the poor. In 1994, a huge budget deficit threw the Turkish economy into a serious economic crisis. Real wages for employees fell by 30 percent between 1990 and 1994, while inflation grew more than 100 percent. In addition to these economic problems, the violent conflict between the Turkish state and the Kurdish separatists had intensified since the beginning of the 1990s. Several polls clearly showed the decline of confidence in the state and the politicians. Globalization and rapid change in the postCold War period also created new pressures on Turkish society 216 to seek a sense of identity and community. In this context, we witnessed the rise of identity politics in the country and Islamists started to compete with secularists on the identity and foreign policy direction of Turkey. As Karakas put it the ideology of Turkish-Islamic Synthesis did not only led to a nationalization of Islam, but also to an 217 Islamization of the nation. The rural areas of Central and Eastern Anatolia had enjoyed strong population growth during the first republican period and were largely responsible for the growth in the population of Turkey from fourteen million in 1923 to twenty one million in 1950. Throughout the 1990s, the role of Islam became evident in every sphere of political and social life including the media, art, music, literature and cinema. This period also witnessed an Islamization of the public sphere: alcoholic beverages were prohibited from state restaurants and cafeterias, several initiatives against prostitution were introduced and fiindecentfi sculptures were removed from public 219 places. During his short period in power between 1996 and 1997, Erbakan also initiated several Pan-Islamic projects and attempted to re-orient Turkish foreign policy towards the Islamic world. All these developments fuelled the public debate between Islamists and secularists, intensified the politicization of lifestyle issues and more importantly transformed Turkish foreign policy into an arena of contestation between diverse identities. A reformist faction emerged under the leadership of Abdullah Gul and challenged the traditionalist party leader Recai Kutan at the party congress in 2000. Although Gul could not manage to beat Kutan in this congress, he was supported by almost half of the party members. With the establishment of two political parties, the division of political Islam in Turkey has been institutionalized. In 2001, the Turkish economy was hit by another major economic crisis, the effects of which were much more severe than that of the first one in 1994. The crisis further weakened the loyalty of the Turkish people to the established parties and reinforced the rise of reformist 218 Karakas, C. The 2002 elections have underlined the deep ideological and geographical divisions in Turkey. The secularistIslamist distinction appeared as the most important political cleavage in the elections. Indeed, Turkey 220 Sabah Newspaper, 4 November 2002 95 is a rather unique case in European integration. In this regards, it is the only case in which Europeanization could prepare a suitable ground for cultural de-Westernization. In the words of Jung: fiin the application of the pluralistic norms of the Copenhagen Criteria to Turkish society, especially the crucial right of the freedoms of expression and religion, the state necessarily will gradually lose its monopoly over the religious field. In this context, the country went through a major reform process with regard to its democracy and human rights standards. The constitution was amended twice, and eight comprehensive reform packages were adopted with the aim of fulfilling the political dimension of Copenhagen criteria. On top of that, as will be analyzed in chapter four, Ankara transformed its traditional Cyprus policy and adopted a more conciliatory approach on the issue. Nevertheless, the Union started to send mixed signals to Turkey after the beginning of entry talks. Consequently, the confrontation over secularism and national identity has intensified which was manifested with the crisis over the presidential elections in 2007. The candidacy of Abdullah Gul for the presidency in April 2007 was perceived as a symbolic step in that direction. However, even after the elections, the secularists continued their fear-mongering 222 campaign on the issue of the envisaged Islamization threat. The judges refrained from imposing these penalties and chose instead to fine the party. Nevertheless, the developments in the Ergenekon case which investigates claims regarding the existence of a terrorist group within the state and the military, showed the larger tensions in Turkey between a secular elite seeking to maintain its fading influence and the growing and increasingly assertive religious-conservative masses. However, the increasing uncertainty of future relations with the Union after 2005 broke the consensus, intensified the ideological and geographical polarization in the Turkish society and politics which inevitably slowed down the pace of political reforms in the country. As mentioned above, Ottoman elites promoted different and contesting identity conceptions as possible solutions to questions of independence and modernization. This contestation was paused with the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923 when the secularist westernizers under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk emerged as the dominant group in the country. Nonetheless, Kemalist identity was not a construct negotiated by the citizens of the nation. Therefore, it created problems for neglected and excluded groups that escalated into perceived security threats by the Turkish state. In the Cold War context, Turkey managed to attain membership to many Western institutions without much questioning of its cultural identity. Throughout the Cold War, Turkey enjoyed a relatively secure identity and an international role attached to it.

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Comparative and for self-injurious behavior of individuals with mental interactive human psychopharmacologic effects of ketamine retardation: a double-blind comparison with placebo acne keloidalis nuchae icd 10 dapsone 100 mg line. Kluver-Bucy syndrome in a patient with troubles psycho-sensoriels dans les lesions du mesocephale. Persistent phantom limb pain: dramatic response to Alzheimer type: evidence of subgroups. Site of penetrating brain autism network of the research units on pediatric lesion causing chronic acquired stuttering. Repetitive arm and hand disintegration and depersonalization during marijuana movements (complex motor stereotypies) in children. Differences compulsive behavior, hyperactivity, and attention deficit between individual first rank symptoms. Phantom limbs in people with receptor antagonist memantine in patients with chronic congenital limb deficiency or amputation in early childhood. Schizophrenia first-rank symptoms in organic mental frontotemporal dementia: evaluation of consensus criteria and disorders. The Fregoli syndrome and puerperal cases with watershed parieto-occipital lesions from psychosis. Psychiatric symptoms associated with lesions associated with tumors of the occipital lobe. Foreign accent-like syndrome during in patients with multiple system atrophy-cerebellar type. Molecular and clinical mutism following endoscopy for ventricular diversity in paraneoplastic immunity to Ma proteins. Re-emergence of childhood stuttering in motor and somatic sensory fits: a study of 85 cases. Severe depersonalization and anxiety dementia with a dominant frontal lobe syndrome. Peduncular halucinosis Laterality in behavior and bilateral motor organization in man associated with posterior thalamic infarction. Progressive late delayed postirradiation encephalopathy a right-handed patient with right hemispheric speech with Kluver-Bucy syndrome. Capgras syndrome presenting with violence cerebrovascular lesions: frequency, correlates, and validation of following heavy drinking. Isolated corpus callosal infarction considered with the clinical report of five cases. Cerebral commisurotomy for visual phenomena limited to the hemianopic field in lesions of control of intractable seizures. J Neurol Psychopathology 1924; syndrome following complex partial status epilepticus. Neurological signs, aging, and crying in patients with closed traumatic brain injury. For example, an accountant may find it no longer possible to understand the dementias constitute one of the most common syncomplex accounting formulae or a chess player may find it dromes seen in neuropsychiatric practice. Difficulties with calculations may be evident in dayDementia is a syndrome of multiple different etiologies to-day life as patients have trouble making change or characterized by a global decrement in cognitive functionbalancing a checkbook. Patients may make ruinous financial developed, patients display deficits in memory, abstracting agreements or allow themselves to be misled in a variety abilities, calculations, and judgment. As discussed in more tion by an inability to recall all out of three words after detail in Section 4. Long-term memory also In addition to these symptoms one often sees a personsuffers, although not as severely as does the short-term ality change. This may be of a specific type, such as the type: patients may be unable to recall public facts, such as frontal lobe syndrome, but is more often non-specific. In the names of the last four presidents, or biographical facts, some cases, previously maladaptive traits may become such as where they last worked, or where they went to accentuated, as when an overly thrifty person becomes school. In other cases, new traits may appear: a previously typically finds partial or complete disorientation to time shy person may become overly familiar or a well-mannered and, albeit less commonly, to place. The delusions tend to be perseDifficulty with abstract thinking may also be evident in the cutory and patients may accuse others of stealing from them.

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During that time acne dermatologist cheap 100 mg dapsone mastercard, it has been largely researched using the empirical model, with its value on reduction, data sets, problem lists, observables and outcomes. Therefore, another method could bring different information or a different explanation. Empiricism, or the scientific method, has been the main method to investigate phenomena throughout the last centuries (Cozby & Rawn, 2012; Creswell, 2013; Dahlberg &McCaig, 2010; Giorgi, 2009). Quantitative research has often been synonymous with empiricism (Cozby & Rawn, 2012). However, this method does not lend itself well to research that that cannot be easily quantified such as hallucinations, memory, dreams or the unconscious (Giorgi, 2009). Phenomenological practice is not about the reduction of an object, such as the body, to its infinitesimal parts, but its goal is to discover what that body experiences. Thus, it provides the means to comprehend something that does not fall under one single category, like the mind/body connection. It must be remembered that this form of study is as devoted to understanding as any other method. Phenomenology is often referred to as a philosophy (Creswell, 2014; Daniels, 2005; Giorgi, 2009; Merriam, 2009; Toombs, 2001; Romanyshyn, 2013). Daniels (2005) argues that perspectives attempting to qualify phenomena existed within philosophy before they were made into a research method (para. Thus, to understand what we are doing as phenomenologists, Stewart & Mickunas (1990) suggest that we start with the meaning of the term phenomenology itself. It is derived from the two Greek words: phainomenon (an "appearance") and logos ("reason" or "word," hence a "reasoned inquiry"). Phenomenology is indeed a reasoned inquiry which discovers the inherent essences of appearances. The answer to this question leads to one of the major themes of phenomenology: an appearance is anything of which one is conscious. Moreover, an appearance is a manifestation of the essence of that of which is the appearance (p. The reason for this is that nothing can be known or spoken about that does not come through consciousness (p. Consequently, the width and breadth of what can be questioned through phenomenology is broad and so, as a philosophy, it has impacted all forms of qualitative research (Merriam, 2009). Phenomenology, as with many fields of study, has gone through different stages of development. His phenomenology aimed to transcend our everyday assumptions (Larkin & Thompson, 2012, p. Study Design My research methodology will be a hermeneutic-phenomenological inquiry. The basis for this inquiry is written journal entries compiled during the first symptoms of my illness, my search for a diagnosis, my diagnosis of conversion disorder and my experiences after diagnosis. I am drawn to this approach as it is the best fit for my intentions; to explore the mind/body interconnectivity as opposed to the traditional Cartesian duality. Where do we find consciousness and intentionality in the quantum-electromagneticgravitational field that, by hypothesis, orders everything in the natural world in which we humans and our minds existfi In short, phenomenology by any other name lies at the heart of the contemporary mind-body problem (Smith, 2016, para. The hermeneutic-phenomenological method invites a review of that which is difficult to categorize or define. How does a person share an experience, when every word fails to communicate the unknown, the inexplicablefi Diseases, disorders and illness in modern medicine, are viewed from a materialistic and mechanical perspective (Carel, 2012; Toombs, 1988; Toombs, 1990).